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The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence
Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during th...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8228767/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071712 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061021 |
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author | Abdullah, Nurshariza Ahemad, Nafees Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Thong Chuan Abdul Ahmad, Siti Aisyah Adnan, Nur Amelia Azreen Macha, Nur Omar Hassan, Sharifah Syed |
author_facet | Abdullah, Nurshariza Ahemad, Nafees Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Thong Chuan Abdul Ahmad, Siti Aisyah Adnan, Nur Amelia Azreen Macha, Nur Omar Hassan, Sharifah Syed |
author_sort | Abdullah, Nurshariza |
collection | PubMed |
description | Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 3′ C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8228767 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82287672021-06-26 The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence Abdullah, Nurshariza Ahemad, Nafees Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Thong Chuan Abdul Ahmad, Siti Aisyah Adnan, Nur Amelia Azreen Macha, Nur Omar Hassan, Sharifah Syed Viruses Review Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 3′ C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses. MDPI 2021-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8228767/ /pubmed/34071712 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061021 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Abdullah, Nurshariza Ahemad, Nafees Aliazis, Konstantinos Khairat, Jasmine Elanie Lee, Thong Chuan Abdul Ahmad, Siti Aisyah Adnan, Nur Amelia Azreen Macha, Nur Omar Hassan, Sharifah Syed The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence |
title | The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence |
title_full | The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence |
title_fullStr | The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence |
title_full_unstemmed | The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence |
title_short | The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence |
title_sort | putative roles and functions of indel, repetition and duplication events in alphavirus non-structural protein 3 hypervariable domain (nsp3 hvd) in evolution, viability and re-emergence |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8228767/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071712 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061021 |
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