Extensive Metabolite Profiling in the Unexploited Organs of Black Tiger for Their Potential Valorization in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Black tiger (Kadsura coccinea (Lem.)) has been reported to hold enormous pharmaceutical potential. The fruit and rhizome of black tiger are highly exploited in the pharmaceutical and other industries. However, the most important organs from the plant such as the leaf and stem are considered biowastes mainly because a comprehensive metabolite profile has not been reported in these organs. Knowledge of the metabolic landscape of the unexploited black tiger organs could help identify and isolate important compounds with pharmaceutical and nutritional values for a better valorization of the species. In this study, we used a widely targeted metabolomics approach to profile the metabolomes of the K. coccinea leaf (KL) and stem (KS) and compared them with the root (KR). We identified 642, 650 and 619 diverse metabolites in KL, KS and KR, respectively. A total of 555 metabolites were mutually detected among the three organs, indicating that the leaf and stem organs may also hold potential for medicinal, nutritional and industrial applications. Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites between organs were enriched in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism pathways. In addition, several important organ-specific metabolites were detected in K. coccinea. In conclusion, we provide extensive metabolic information to stimulate black tiger leaf and stem valorization in human healthcare and food.