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Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract have become more prevalent over time. Mechanisms of disease formation are still only partially understood. Recent literature has shown that the surrounding microbiome affects the propensity for disease formation in various parts of the upper gastrointesti...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8229529/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34072493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060617 |
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author | Bilello, Joshua Okereke, Ikenna |
author_facet | Bilello, Joshua Okereke, Ikenna |
author_sort | Bilello, Joshua |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract have become more prevalent over time. Mechanisms of disease formation are still only partially understood. Recent literature has shown that the surrounding microbiome affects the propensity for disease formation in various parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A review was performed of any literature to our best knowledge concerning the effects of pharmacologic agents, environmental changes, and surgical intervention on the microbiome of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Searches of the literature were performed using specific keywords related to drugs, surgical procedures, and environmental factors. Many prescription and nonprescription drugs that are commonly used have varying effects on the upper gastrointestinal tract. Proton pump inhibitors may affect the relative prevalence of some organisms in the lower esophagus and have less effect in the proximal esophagus. Changes in the esophageal microbiome correlate with some esophageal diseases. Drugs that induce weight loss have also been shown to affect the microbiomes of the esophagus and stomach. Common surgical procedures are associated with shifts in the microbial community in the gastrointestinal tract. Environmental factors have been shown to affect the microbiome in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as geographic differences correlate with alterations in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the association of environmental and pharmacologic changes on the microbiome of the upper gastrointestinal tract will facilitate treatment plans to reduce morbidity from disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8229529 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82295292021-06-26 Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome Bilello, Joshua Okereke, Ikenna Biomedicines Review Diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract have become more prevalent over time. Mechanisms of disease formation are still only partially understood. Recent literature has shown that the surrounding microbiome affects the propensity for disease formation in various parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A review was performed of any literature to our best knowledge concerning the effects of pharmacologic agents, environmental changes, and surgical intervention on the microbiome of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Searches of the literature were performed using specific keywords related to drugs, surgical procedures, and environmental factors. Many prescription and nonprescription drugs that are commonly used have varying effects on the upper gastrointestinal tract. Proton pump inhibitors may affect the relative prevalence of some organisms in the lower esophagus and have less effect in the proximal esophagus. Changes in the esophageal microbiome correlate with some esophageal diseases. Drugs that induce weight loss have also been shown to affect the microbiomes of the esophagus and stomach. Common surgical procedures are associated with shifts in the microbial community in the gastrointestinal tract. Environmental factors have been shown to affect the microbiome in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as geographic differences correlate with alterations in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the association of environmental and pharmacologic changes on the microbiome of the upper gastrointestinal tract will facilitate treatment plans to reduce morbidity from disease. MDPI 2021-05-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8229529/ /pubmed/34072493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060617 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Bilello, Joshua Okereke, Ikenna Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome |
title | Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome |
title_full | Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome |
title_fullStr | Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome |
title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome |
title_short | Impact of Environmental and Pharmacologic Changes on the Upper Gastrointestinal Microbiome |
title_sort | impact of environmental and pharmacologic changes on the upper gastrointestinal microbiome |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8229529/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34072493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060617 |
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