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Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive

Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause zoonotic infections is a major problem for farmers rearing animals for food as well as for consumers who eat the contaminated meat resulting in food-borne infections. Bacteriophages incorporated in animal feed may help reduce carriage and infec...

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Autores principales: Richards, Kerry, Malik, Danish J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8231228/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34208387
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061131
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author Richards, Kerry
Malik, Danish J.
author_facet Richards, Kerry
Malik, Danish J.
author_sort Richards, Kerry
collection PubMed
description Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause zoonotic infections is a major problem for farmers rearing animals for food as well as for consumers who eat the contaminated meat resulting in food-borne infections. Bacteriophages incorporated in animal feed may help reduce carriage and infections in animals including chickens and pigs. There are, however, unmet challenges in protecting phages from processing stresses e.g., during animal feed pelleting operations and during transit of phages through the acidic gastric environment. Core-shell capsules were produced using a concentric nozzle and commercially available encapsulation equipment to fabricate capsules with phages formulated in an oil-in-water microemulsion in the core. pH-responsive capsules released the encapsulated phage cargo within 10–30 min triggered by changes in local environmental pH typically found in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals. Acid stability of phages exposed to pH values as low as pH 1 was demonstrated. Encapsulated phages were able to withstand exposure to 95 °C wet heat thermal stress for up to 120 s, conditions typically encountered during feed pellet extrusion processing. Free phages were inactivated within 15 s under these conditions. The present study demonstrates that encapsulation of bacteriophages in core-shell pH-responsive capsules with water-in-oil emulsified phages in the core significantly improves phage viability upon exposure to processing and environmental stresses that require consideration during production of animal feed and application in animals for biocontrol. The results from this study should help guide future development of phage formulations suitable for use in animal feed for animal biocontrol applications.
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spelling pubmed-82312282021-06-26 Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive Richards, Kerry Malik, Danish J. Viruses Article Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause zoonotic infections is a major problem for farmers rearing animals for food as well as for consumers who eat the contaminated meat resulting in food-borne infections. Bacteriophages incorporated in animal feed may help reduce carriage and infections in animals including chickens and pigs. There are, however, unmet challenges in protecting phages from processing stresses e.g., during animal feed pelleting operations and during transit of phages through the acidic gastric environment. Core-shell capsules were produced using a concentric nozzle and commercially available encapsulation equipment to fabricate capsules with phages formulated in an oil-in-water microemulsion in the core. pH-responsive capsules released the encapsulated phage cargo within 10–30 min triggered by changes in local environmental pH typically found in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals. Acid stability of phages exposed to pH values as low as pH 1 was demonstrated. Encapsulated phages were able to withstand exposure to 95 °C wet heat thermal stress for up to 120 s, conditions typically encountered during feed pellet extrusion processing. Free phages were inactivated within 15 s under these conditions. The present study demonstrates that encapsulation of bacteriophages in core-shell pH-responsive capsules with water-in-oil emulsified phages in the core significantly improves phage viability upon exposure to processing and environmental stresses that require consideration during production of animal feed and application in animals for biocontrol. The results from this study should help guide future development of phage formulations suitable for use in animal feed for animal biocontrol applications. MDPI 2021-06-11 /pmc/articles/PMC8231228/ /pubmed/34208387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061131 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Richards, Kerry
Malik, Danish J.
Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive
title Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive
title_full Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive
title_fullStr Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive
title_full_unstemmed Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive
title_short Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive
title_sort bacteriophage encapsulation in ph-responsive core-shell capsules as an animal feed additive
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8231228/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34208387
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061131
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