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The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are derived from diet and fermentative processes by the intestinal flora. Two to five carbon chain fatty acids, termed short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized to play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the characteristics of slightly longer 6 to 10 carbon, medi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8234078/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34208638 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126453 |
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author | Sam, Qi Hui Ling, Hua Yew, Wen Shan Tan, Zhaohong Ravikumar, Sharada Chang, Matthew Wook Chai, Louis Yi Ann |
author_facet | Sam, Qi Hui Ling, Hua Yew, Wen Shan Tan, Zhaohong Ravikumar, Sharada Chang, Matthew Wook Chai, Louis Yi Ann |
author_sort | Sam, Qi Hui |
collection | PubMed |
description | Fatty acids are derived from diet and fermentative processes by the intestinal flora. Two to five carbon chain fatty acids, termed short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized to play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the characteristics of slightly longer 6 to 10 carbon, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), derived primarily from diet, are less understood. Here, we demonstrated that SCFA and MCFA have divergent immunomodulatory propensities. SCFA down-attenuated host pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα response predominantly through the TLR4 pathway, whereas MCFA augmented inflammation through TLR2. Butyric (C4) and decanoic (C10) acid displayed most potent modulatory effects within the SCFA and MCFA, respectively. Reduction in TRAF3, IRF3 and TRAF6 expression were observed with butyric acid. Decanoic acid induced up-regulation of GPR84 and PPARγ and altered HIF-1α/HIF-2α ratio. These variant immune characteristics of the fatty acids which differ by just several carbon atoms may be attributable to their origins, with SCFA being primarily endogenous and playing a physiological role, and MCFA exogenously from the diet. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8234078 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82340782021-06-27 The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids Sam, Qi Hui Ling, Hua Yew, Wen Shan Tan, Zhaohong Ravikumar, Sharada Chang, Matthew Wook Chai, Louis Yi Ann Int J Mol Sci Article Fatty acids are derived from diet and fermentative processes by the intestinal flora. Two to five carbon chain fatty acids, termed short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized to play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the characteristics of slightly longer 6 to 10 carbon, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), derived primarily from diet, are less understood. Here, we demonstrated that SCFA and MCFA have divergent immunomodulatory propensities. SCFA down-attenuated host pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα response predominantly through the TLR4 pathway, whereas MCFA augmented inflammation through TLR2. Butyric (C4) and decanoic (C10) acid displayed most potent modulatory effects within the SCFA and MCFA, respectively. Reduction in TRAF3, IRF3 and TRAF6 expression were observed with butyric acid. Decanoic acid induced up-regulation of GPR84 and PPARγ and altered HIF-1α/HIF-2α ratio. These variant immune characteristics of the fatty acids which differ by just several carbon atoms may be attributable to their origins, with SCFA being primarily endogenous and playing a physiological role, and MCFA exogenously from the diet. MDPI 2021-06-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8234078/ /pubmed/34208638 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126453 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sam, Qi Hui Ling, Hua Yew, Wen Shan Tan, Zhaohong Ravikumar, Sharada Chang, Matthew Wook Chai, Louis Yi Ann The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids |
title | The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids |
title_full | The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids |
title_fullStr | The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids |
title_full_unstemmed | The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids |
title_short | The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids |
title_sort | divergent immunomodulatory effects of short chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8234078/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34208638 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126453 |
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