A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns

We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, resp...

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Autores principales: Hori, Mayumi, Shozugawa, Katsumi, Sugimori, Kenji, Watanabe, Yuichiro
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2021
Materias:
Article
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8242065/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34188143
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92949-8
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author Hori, Mayumi
Shozugawa, Katsumi
Sugimori, Kenji
Watanabe, Yuichiro
author_facet Hori, Mayumi
Shozugawa, Katsumi
Sugimori, Kenji
Watanabe, Yuichiro
author_sort Hori, Mayumi
collection PubMed
description We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, respectively. Compared with 27 other countries, Japan exhibited soft water with low-mineral content. Water hardness tended to be high in the Kanto region and low in the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions. The impact of the distribution system’s water pipes on tap water hardness is discussed using a unified index to evaluate variations in hardness from raw to tap water. A comparison of the variations in hardness showed that hardness variations from raw to purified water and from purified to tap water exhibited a 20% variation range. Furthermore, tap water hardness and its fluctuations in any region of Japan were found to be caused by raw water hardness. It was demonstrated that the distribution pipe system had no large impacts on water hardness.
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spelling pubmed-82420652021-07-06 A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns Hori, Mayumi Shozugawa, Katsumi Sugimori, Kenji Watanabe, Yuichiro Sci Rep Article We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, respectively. Compared with 27 other countries, Japan exhibited soft water with low-mineral content. Water hardness tended to be high in the Kanto region and low in the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions. The impact of the distribution system’s water pipes on tap water hardness is discussed using a unified index to evaluate variations in hardness from raw to tap water. A comparison of the variations in hardness showed that hardness variations from raw to purified water and from purified to tap water exhibited a 20% variation range. Furthermore, tap water hardness and its fluctuations in any region of Japan were found to be caused by raw water hardness. It was demonstrated that the distribution pipe system had no large impacts on water hardness. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8242065/ /pubmed/34188143 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92949-8 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Hori, Mayumi
Shozugawa, Katsumi
Sugimori, Kenji
Watanabe, Yuichiro
A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_full A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_fullStr A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_full_unstemmed A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_short A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_sort survey of monitoring tap water hardness in japan and its distribution patterns
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8242065/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34188143
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92949-8
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