Chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from horses using a magnetic 3D cell culture system

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for the treatment of equine joint diseases, studied due to their possible immunomodulatory characteristics and regenerative capacity. However, the source of most suitable MSCs for producing cartilage for regenerative processes in conjunction with biomaterials for an enhanced function is yet to be established. AIM: To compare the chondrogenicity of MSCs derived from synovial fluid, bone marrow, and adipose tissue of horses, using the aggrecan synthesis. METHODS: MSCs from ten horses were cultured, phenotypic characterization was done with antibodies CD90, CD44 and CD34 and were differentiated into chondrocytes. The 3D cell culture system in which biocompatible nanoparticles consisting of gold, iron oxide, and poly-L-lysine were added to the cells, and they were forced by magnets to form one microspheroid. The microspheroids were exposed to a commercial culture medium for 4 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d. Proteoglycan extraction was performed, and aggrecan was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Keratan sulfate and aggrecan in the microspheroids were identified and localized by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: All cultured cells showed fibroblast-like appearance, the ability to adhere to the plastic surface, and were positive for CD44 and CD90, thus confirming the characteristics and morphology of MSCs. The soluble protein concentrations were higher in the microspheroids derived from adipose tissue. The aggrecan concentration and the ratio of aggrecan to soluble proteins were higher in microspheroids derived from synovial fluid than in those derived from bone marrow, thereby showing chondrogenic superiority. Microspheroids from all sources expressed aggrecan and keratan sulfate when observed using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. All sources of MSCs can synthesize aggrecan, however, MSCs from synovial fluid and adipose tissue have demonstrated better biocompatibility in a 3D environment, thus suggesting chondrogenic superiority. CONCLUSION: All sources of MSCs produce hyaline cartilage; however, the use of synovial liquid or adipose tissue should be recommended when it is intended for use with biomaterials or scaffolds.