Evidence for the effects of viewing visual artworks on stress outcomes: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE: To review the existing evidence on the effects of viewing visual artworks on stress outcomes and outline any gaps in the research. DESIGN: A scoping review was conducted based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Two independent reviewers performed the screening and data extraction. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, APA PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, Google Scholar, Google, ProQuest Theses and Dissertations Database, APA PsycExtra and Opengrey.eu were searched in May 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies were included if they investigated the effects of viewing at least one visual artwork on at least one stress outcome measure. Studies involving active engagement with art, review papers or qualitative studies were excluded. There were no limits in terms of year of publication, contexts or population types; however, only studies published in the English language were considered. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Information extracted from manuscripts included: study methodologies, population and setting characteristics, details of the artwork interventions and key findings. RESULTS: 14 primary studies were identified, with heterogeneous study designs, methodologies and artwork interventions. Many studies lacked important methodological details and only four studies were randomised controlled trials. 13 of the 14 studies on self-reported stress reported reductions after viewing artworks, and all of the four studies that examined systolic blood pressure reported reductions. Fewer studies examined heart rate, heart rate variability, cortisol, respiration or other physiological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There is promising evidence for effects of viewing artwork on reducing stress. Moderating factors may include setting, individual characteristics, artwork content and viewing instructions. More robust research, using more standardised methods and randomised controlled trial designs, is needed. REGISTRATION DETAILS: A protocol for this review is registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/gq5d8).