Interspecific protection against oxidative stress: green algae protect harmful cyanobacteria against hydrogen peroxide

Oceanographic studies have shown that heterotrophic bacteria can protect marine cyanobacteria against oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Could a similar interspecific protection play a role in freshwater ecosystems? In a series of laboratory experiments and two lake treatments, we demonstrate that freshwater cyanobacteria are sensitive to H(2)O(2) but can be protected by less‐sensitive species such as green algae. Our laboratory results show that green algae degrade H(2)O(2) much faster than cyanobacteria. Consequently, the cyanobacterium Microcystis was able to survive at higher H(2)O(2) concentrations in mixtures with the green alga Chlorella than in monoculture. Interestingly, even the lysate of destructed Chlorella was capable to protect Microcystis, indicating a two‐component H(2)O(2) degradation system in which Chlorella provided antioxidant enzymes and Microcystis the reductants. The level of interspecific protection provided to Microcystis depended on the density of Chlorella. These findings have implications for the mitigation of toxic cyanobacterial blooms, which threaten the water quality of many eutrophic lakes and reservoirs worldwide. In several lakes, H(2)O(2) has been successfully applied to suppress cyanobacterial blooms. Our results demonstrate that high densities of green algae can interfere with these lake treatments, as they may rapidly degrade the added H(2)O(2) and thereby protect the bloom‐forming cyanobacteria.