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Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa

While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk...

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Autores principales: Kasozi, Keneth Iceland, Zirintunda, Gerald, Ssempijja, Fred, Buyinza, Bridget, Alzahrani, Khalid J., Matama, Kevin, Nakimbugwe, Helen N., Alkazmi, Luay, Onanyang, David, Bogere, Paul, Ochieng, Juma John, Islam, Saher, Matovu, Wycliff, Nalumenya, David Paul, Batiha, Gaber El-Saber, Osuwat, Lawrence Obado, Abdelhamid, Mahmoud, Shen, Tianren, Omadang, Leonard, Welburn, Susan Christina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8248802/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34222391
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.621699
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author Kasozi, Keneth Iceland
Zirintunda, Gerald
Ssempijja, Fred
Buyinza, Bridget
Alzahrani, Khalid J.
Matama, Kevin
Nakimbugwe, Helen N.
Alkazmi, Luay
Onanyang, David
Bogere, Paul
Ochieng, Juma John
Islam, Saher
Matovu, Wycliff
Nalumenya, David Paul
Batiha, Gaber El-Saber
Osuwat, Lawrence Obado
Abdelhamid, Mahmoud
Shen, Tianren
Omadang, Leonard
Welburn, Susan Christina
author_facet Kasozi, Keneth Iceland
Zirintunda, Gerald
Ssempijja, Fred
Buyinza, Bridget
Alzahrani, Khalid J.
Matama, Kevin
Nakimbugwe, Helen N.
Alkazmi, Luay
Onanyang, David
Bogere, Paul
Ochieng, Juma John
Islam, Saher
Matovu, Wycliff
Nalumenya, David Paul
Batiha, Gaber El-Saber
Osuwat, Lawrence Obado
Abdelhamid, Mahmoud
Shen, Tianren
Omadang, Leonard
Welburn, Susan Christina
author_sort Kasozi, Keneth Iceland
collection PubMed
description While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife.
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spelling pubmed-82488022021-07-02 Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa Kasozi, Keneth Iceland Zirintunda, Gerald Ssempijja, Fred Buyinza, Bridget Alzahrani, Khalid J. Matama, Kevin Nakimbugwe, Helen N. Alkazmi, Luay Onanyang, David Bogere, Paul Ochieng, Juma John Islam, Saher Matovu, Wycliff Nalumenya, David Paul Batiha, Gaber El-Saber Osuwat, Lawrence Obado Abdelhamid, Mahmoud Shen, Tianren Omadang, Leonard Welburn, Susan Christina Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-06-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8248802/ /pubmed/34222391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.621699 Text en Copyright © 2021 Kasozi, Zirintunda, Ssempijja, Buyinza, Alzahrani, Matama, Nakimbugwe, Alkazmi, Onanyang, Bogere, Ochieng, Islam, Matovu, Nalumenya, Batiha, Osuwat, Abdelhamid, Shen, Omadang and Welburn. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Veterinary Science
Kasozi, Keneth Iceland
Zirintunda, Gerald
Ssempijja, Fred
Buyinza, Bridget
Alzahrani, Khalid J.
Matama, Kevin
Nakimbugwe, Helen N.
Alkazmi, Luay
Onanyang, David
Bogere, Paul
Ochieng, Juma John
Islam, Saher
Matovu, Wycliff
Nalumenya, David Paul
Batiha, Gaber El-Saber
Osuwat, Lawrence Obado
Abdelhamid, Mahmoud
Shen, Tianren
Omadang, Leonard
Welburn, Susan Christina
Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
title Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
title_full Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
title_fullStr Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
title_full_unstemmed Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
title_short Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa
title_sort epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in wildlife—implications for humans at the wildlife interface in africa
topic Veterinary Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8248802/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34222391
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.621699
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