Cost and greenhouse gas emissions of current, healthy, flexitarian and vegan diets in Aotearoa (New Zealand)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the costs and climate impact (greenhouse gas emissions) associated with current and healthy diets and two healthy and environmentally friendly dietary patterns: flexitarian and vegan. DESIGN: Modelling study SETTING: Aotearoa (New Zealand). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distribution of the cost and climate impact (kgCO(2)e/kg of food per fortnight) of 2 weekly current, healthy, vegan and flexitarian household diets was modelled using a list of commonly consumed foods, a set of quantity/serves constraints for each, and constraints for food group and nutrient intakes based on dietary guidelines (Eating and Activity Guidelines for healthy diets and EAT-Lancet reference diet for vegan and flexitarian diets) or nutrition survey data (current diets). RESULTS: The iterative creation of 210–237 household dietary intakes for each dietary scenario was achieved using computer software adapted for the purpose (DIETCOST). There were stepwise differences between diet scenarios (p<0.001) with the current diet having the lowest mean cost in New Zealand Dollars (NZ$584 (95% CI NZ$580 to NZ$588)) per fortnight for a family of four) but highest mean climate impact (597 kgCO(2)e (95% CI 590 to 604 kgCO(2)e)), followed by the healthy diet (NZ$637 (95% CI NZ$632 to NZ$642), 452 kgCO(2)e (95% CI 446 to 458 kgCO(2)e)), the flexitarian diet (NZ$728 (95% CI NZ$723 to NZ$734), 263 kgCO(2)e (95% CI 261 to 265 kgCO(2)e)) and the vegan diet, which had the highest mean cost and lowest mean climate impact (NZ$789, (95% CI NZ$784 to NZ$794), 203 kgCO(2)e (95% CI 201 to 204 kgCO(2)e)). There was a negative relationship between cost and climate impact across diets and a positive relationship within diets. CONCLUSIONS: Moving from current diets towards sustainable healthy diets (SHDs) will reduce climate impact but generally at a higher cost to households. The results reflect trade-offs, with the larger constraints placed on diets, the greater cost and factors such as nutritional adequacy, variety, cost and low-emissions foods being considered. Further monitoring and policies are needed to support population transitions that are country specific from current diets to SHD.