Host Species and Geography Differentiate Honeybee Gut Bacterial Communities by Changing the Relative Contribution of Community Assembly Processes

Honeybee gut microbiota modulates the health and fitness of honeybees, the ecologically and economically important pollinators and honey producers. However, which processes drive the assembly and shift of honeybee gut microbiota remains unknown. To explore the patterns of honeybee gut bacterial communities across host species and geographical sites and the relative contribution of different processes (i.e., homogeneous selection, variable selection, homogeneous dispersal, dispersal limitation, and an undominated process) in driving the patterns, two honeybee species (Apis cerana and Apis mellifera) were sampled from five geographically distant sites along a latitudinal gradient, followed by gut bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut bacterial communities differed significantly between A. cerana and A. mellifera, which was driven by the interhost dispersal limitation associated with the long-term coevolution between hosts and their prokaryotic symbionts. A. mellifera harbored more diverse but less varied gut bacterial communities than A. cerana due to the dominant role of homogeneous selection in converging A. mellifera intestinal communities. For each honeybee species, the gut bacterial communities differed across geographical sites, with individuals from lower latitudes harboring higher diversity; also, there was significant decay of gut community similarity against geographic distance. The geographical variation of honeybee gut bacterial communities was mainly driven by an undominated process (e.g., stochastic drift) rather than variable selection or dispersal limitation. This study elucidates that variations in host and geography alter the relative contribution of different processes in assembling honeybee gut microbiota and, thus, provides insights into the mechanisms underlying honeybee gut microbial shifts across evolutionary time.