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5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz
The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group US
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8263336/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33727687 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6 |
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author | Karipidis, Ken Mate, Rohan Urban, David Tinker, Rick Wood, Andrew |
author_facet | Karipidis, Ken Mate, Rohan Urban, David Tinker, Rick Wood, Andrew |
author_sort | Karipidis, Ken |
collection | PubMed |
description | The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This state-of-the science review examined the research into the biological and health effects of RF fields above 6 GHz at exposure levels below the ICNIRP occupational limits. The review included 107 experimental studies that investigated various bioeffects including genotoxicity, cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signalling, membrane function and other effects. Reported bioeffects were generally not independently replicated and the majority of the studies employed low quality methods of exposure assessment and control. Effects due to heating from high RF energy deposition cannot be excluded from many of the results. The review also included 31 epidemiological studies that investigated exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G. The epidemiological studies showed little evidence of health effects including cancer at different sites, effects on reproduction and other diseases. This review showed no confirmed evidence that low-level RF fields above 6 GHz such as those used by the 5 G network are hazardous to human health. Future experimental studies should improve the experimental design with particular attention to dosimetry and temperature control. Future epidemiological studies should continue to monitor long-term health effects in the population related to wireless telecommunications. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8263336 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group US |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82633362021-07-23 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz Karipidis, Ken Mate, Rohan Urban, David Tinker, Rick Wood, Andrew J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Review Article The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This state-of-the science review examined the research into the biological and health effects of RF fields above 6 GHz at exposure levels below the ICNIRP occupational limits. The review included 107 experimental studies that investigated various bioeffects including genotoxicity, cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signalling, membrane function and other effects. Reported bioeffects were generally not independently replicated and the majority of the studies employed low quality methods of exposure assessment and control. Effects due to heating from high RF energy deposition cannot be excluded from many of the results. The review also included 31 epidemiological studies that investigated exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G. The epidemiological studies showed little evidence of health effects including cancer at different sites, effects on reproduction and other diseases. This review showed no confirmed evidence that low-level RF fields above 6 GHz such as those used by the 5 G network are hazardous to human health. Future experimental studies should improve the experimental design with particular attention to dosimetry and temperature control. Future epidemiological studies should continue to monitor long-term health effects in the population related to wireless telecommunications. Nature Publishing Group US 2021-03-16 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8263336/ /pubmed/33727687 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6 Text en © Crown 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Review Article Karipidis, Ken Mate, Rohan Urban, David Tinker, Rick Wood, Andrew 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz |
title | 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz |
title_full | 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz |
title_fullStr | 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz |
title_full_unstemmed | 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz |
title_short | 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz |
title_sort | 5g mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level rf fields above 6 ghz |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8263336/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33727687 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6 |
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