Contrasting drivers and trends of ocean acidification in the subarctic Atlantic

The processes of warming, anthropogenic CO(2) (C(anth)) accumulation, decreasing pH(T) (increasing [H(+)](T); concentration in total scale) and calcium carbonate saturation in the subarctic zone of the North Atlantic are unequivocal in the time-series measurements of the Iceland (IS-TS, 1985–2003) and Irminger Sea (IRM-TS, 1983–2013) stations. Both stations show high rates of C(anth) accumulation with different rates of warming, salinification and stratification linked to regional circulation and dynamics. At the IS-TS, advected and stratified waters of Arctic origin drive a strong increase in [H(+)](T), in the surface layer, which is nearly halved in the deep layer (44.7 ± 3.6 and 25.5 ± 1.0 pmol kg(−1) yr(−1), respectively). In contrast, the weak stratification at the IRM-TS allows warming, salinification and C(anth) uptake to reach the deep layer. The acidification trends are even stronger in the deep layer than in the surface layer (44.2 ± 1.0 pmol kg(−1) yr(−1) and 32.6 ± 3.4 pmol kg(−1) yr(−1) of [H(+)](T), respectively). The driver analysis detects that warming contributes up to 50% to the increase in [H(+)](T) at the IRM-TS but has a small positive effect on calcium carbonate saturation. The C(anth) increase is the main driver of the observed acidification, but it is partially dampened by the northward advection of water with a relatively low natural CO(2) content.