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Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness

The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic...

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Autores principales: Liskova, Elena A., Egorova, Irina Y., Selyaninov, Yuri O., Razheva, Irina V., Gladkova, Nadezhda A., Toropova, Nadezhda N., Zakharova, Olga I., Burova, Olga A., Surkova, Galina V., Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Korennoy, Fedor I., Iashin, Ivan V., Blokhin, Andrei A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8264129/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34250061
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420
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author Liskova, Elena A.
Egorova, Irina Y.
Selyaninov, Yuri O.
Razheva, Irina V.
Gladkova, Nadezhda A.
Toropova, Nadezhda N.
Zakharova, Olga I.
Burova, Olga A.
Surkova, Galina V.
Malkhazova, Svetlana M.
Korennoy, Fedor I.
Iashin, Ivan V.
Blokhin, Andrei A.
author_facet Liskova, Elena A.
Egorova, Irina Y.
Selyaninov, Yuri O.
Razheva, Irina V.
Gladkova, Nadezhda A.
Toropova, Nadezhda N.
Zakharova, Olga I.
Burova, Olga A.
Surkova, Galina V.
Malkhazova, Svetlana M.
Korennoy, Fedor I.
Iashin, Ivan V.
Blokhin, Andrei A.
author_sort Liskova, Elena A.
collection PubMed
description The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic and epidemiological factors that could have triggered the outbreak. The cancelation of reindeer vaccination against anthrax in 2007 resulted in an increase in population susceptibility. In response to the outbreak, total vaccination of all susceptible animals was resumed. To assess the vaccination effectiveness, we tested 913 samples of blood serum taken from vaccinated reindeer using an antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic kit to detect specific anti-anthrax antibodies via an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) 9 months after vaccination. We found that 814 samples had sufficiently high levels of anti-anthrax antibodies to indicate a protection level of 89% (95% confidence interval: 87–91%) of the whole reindeer population. Abnormally high ambient temperature in the summer of 2016 contributed to the thawing of permafrost and viable Bacillus anthracis spores could have become exposed to the surface; the monthly average air temperatures in June, July, and August 2016 were 20–100% higher than those of the previous 30-year period, while the maximum air temperatures were 16–75% higher. Using the projected climate data for 2081–2100 according to the “worst case” RCP8.5 scenario, we demonstrated that the yearly air temperature may average above 0°C across the entire Yamal Peninsula, while the yearly number of days with a mean temperature above 0°C may rise by 49 ± 6 days, which would provide conditions for reactivation of soil anthrax reservoirs. Our results showed that the outbreak of anthrax occurred under conditions of a significant increase in air temperature in the study area, underlined the importance of vaccination for controlling the epidemic process, and demonstrated the effectiveness of monitoring studies using the IHA diagnostic kit for detecting erythrocyte anthrax antigens.
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spelling pubmed-82641292021-07-09 Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness Liskova, Elena A. Egorova, Irina Y. Selyaninov, Yuri O. Razheva, Irina V. Gladkova, Nadezhda A. Toropova, Nadezhda N. Zakharova, Olga I. Burova, Olga A. Surkova, Galina V. Malkhazova, Svetlana M. Korennoy, Fedor I. Iashin, Ivan V. Blokhin, Andrei A. Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic and epidemiological factors that could have triggered the outbreak. The cancelation of reindeer vaccination against anthrax in 2007 resulted in an increase in population susceptibility. In response to the outbreak, total vaccination of all susceptible animals was resumed. To assess the vaccination effectiveness, we tested 913 samples of blood serum taken from vaccinated reindeer using an antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic kit to detect specific anti-anthrax antibodies via an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) 9 months after vaccination. We found that 814 samples had sufficiently high levels of anti-anthrax antibodies to indicate a protection level of 89% (95% confidence interval: 87–91%) of the whole reindeer population. Abnormally high ambient temperature in the summer of 2016 contributed to the thawing of permafrost and viable Bacillus anthracis spores could have become exposed to the surface; the monthly average air temperatures in June, July, and August 2016 were 20–100% higher than those of the previous 30-year period, while the maximum air temperatures were 16–75% higher. Using the projected climate data for 2081–2100 according to the “worst case” RCP8.5 scenario, we demonstrated that the yearly air temperature may average above 0°C across the entire Yamal Peninsula, while the yearly number of days with a mean temperature above 0°C may rise by 49 ± 6 days, which would provide conditions for reactivation of soil anthrax reservoirs. Our results showed that the outbreak of anthrax occurred under conditions of a significant increase in air temperature in the study area, underlined the importance of vaccination for controlling the epidemic process, and demonstrated the effectiveness of monitoring studies using the IHA diagnostic kit for detecting erythrocyte anthrax antigens. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-06-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8264129/ /pubmed/34250061 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 Text en Copyright © 2021 Liskova, Egorova, Selyaninov, Razheva, Gladkova, Toropova, Zakharova, Burova, Surkova, Malkhazova, Korennoy, Iashin and Blokhin. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Veterinary Science
Liskova, Elena A.
Egorova, Irina Y.
Selyaninov, Yuri O.
Razheva, Irina V.
Gladkova, Nadezhda A.
Toropova, Nadezhda N.
Zakharova, Olga I.
Burova, Olga A.
Surkova, Galina V.
Malkhazova, Svetlana M.
Korennoy, Fedor I.
Iashin, Ivan V.
Blokhin, Andrei A.
Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
title Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
title_full Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
title_fullStr Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
title_full_unstemmed Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
title_short Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
title_sort reindeer anthrax in the russian arctic, 2016: climatic determinants of the outbreak and vaccination effectiveness
topic Veterinary Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8264129/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34250061
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420
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