Microbial Communities and Interactions of Nitrogen Oxides With Methanogenesis in Diverse Peatlands of the Amazon Basin

Tropical peatlands are hotspots of methane (CH(4)) production but present high variation and emission uncertainties in the Amazon region. This is because the controlling factors of methane production in tropical peats are not yet well documented. Although inhibitory effects of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) on methanogenic activity are known from pure culture studies, the role of NO(x) in the methane cycling of peatlands remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the CH(4) content, soil geochemistry and microbial communities along 1-m-soil profiles and assessed the effects of soil NO(x) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) on methanogenic abundance and activity in three peatlands of the Pastaza-Marañón foreland basin. The peatlands were distinct in pH, DOC, nitrate pore water concentrations, C/N ratios of shallow soils, redox potential, and (13)C enrichment in dissolved inorganic carbon and CH(4) pools, which are primarily contingent on H(2)-dependent methanogenesis. Molecular 16S rRNA and mcrA gene data revealed diverse and novel methanogens varying across sites. Importantly, we also observed a strong stratification in relative abundances of microbial groups involved in NO(x) cycling, along with a concordant stratification of methanogens. The higher relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Thaumarchaeota) in acidic oligotrophic peat than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) is noteworthy as putative sources of NO(x). Experiments testing the interaction of NO(x) species and methanogenesis found that the latter showed differential sensitivity to nitrite (up to 85% reduction) and N(2)O (complete inhibition), which would act as an unaccounted CH(4) control in these ecosystems. Overall, we present evidence of diverse peatlands likely differently affected by inhibitory effects of nitrogen species on methanogens as another contributor to variable CH(4) fluxes.