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Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria

BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the only two countries in the Arabian Peninsula that are yet to achieve malaria elimination. Over the past two decades, the malaria control programme in Saudi Arabia has successfully reduced the annual number of malaria cases, with the lowest incidence rate acr...

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Autores principales: Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Madkhali, Aymen M., Ghailan, Khalid Y., Abdulhaq, Ahmed A., Ghzwani, Ahmad Hassn, Zain, Khalid Ammash, Atroosh, Wahib M., Alshabi, Alkhansa, Khadashi, Hussein A., Darraj, Majid A., Eisa, Zaki M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276496/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34256757
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4
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author Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Madkhali, Aymen M.
Ghailan, Khalid Y.
Abdulhaq, Ahmed A.
Ghzwani, Ahmad Hassn
Zain, Khalid Ammash
Atroosh, Wahib M.
Alshabi, Alkhansa
Khadashi, Hussein A.
Darraj, Majid A.
Eisa, Zaki M.
author_facet Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Madkhali, Aymen M.
Ghailan, Khalid Y.
Abdulhaq, Ahmed A.
Ghzwani, Ahmad Hassn
Zain, Khalid Ammash
Atroosh, Wahib M.
Alshabi, Alkhansa
Khadashi, Hussein A.
Darraj, Majid A.
Eisa, Zaki M.
author_sort Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the only two countries in the Arabian Peninsula that are yet to achieve malaria elimination. Over the past two decades, the malaria control programme in Saudi Arabia has successfully reduced the annual number of malaria cases, with the lowest incidence rate across the country reported in 2014. This study aims to investigate the distribution of residual malaria in Jazan region and to identify potential climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria cases in the region. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 1 April 2018 to 31 January 2019 in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, which targeted febrile individuals attending hospitals and primary healthcare centres. Participants’ demographic data were collected, including age, gender, nationality, and residence. Moreover, association of climatic variables with the monthly autochthonous malaria cases reported during the period of 2010–2017 was retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: A total of 1124 febrile subjects were found to be positive for malaria during the study period. Among them, 94.3 and 5.7% were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, respectively. In general, subjects aged 18–30 years and those aged over 50 years had the highest (42.7%) and lowest (5.9%) percentages of malaria cases. Similarly, the percentage of malaria-positive cases was higher among males than females (86.2 vs 13.8%), among non-Saudi compared to Saudi subjects (70.6 vs 29.4%), and among patients residing in rural rather than in urban areas (89.8 vs 10.2%). A total of 407 autochthonous malaria cases were reported in Jazan region between 2010 and 2017. Results of zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis showed that monthly average temperature and relative humidity were the significant climatic determinants of autochthonous malaria in the region. CONCLUSION: Malaria remains a public health problem in most governorates of Jazan region. The identification and monitoring of malaria transmission hotspots and predictors would enable control efforts to be intensified and focused on specific areas and therefore expedite the elimination of residual malaria from the whole region. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4.
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spelling pubmed-82764962021-07-14 Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Madkhali, Aymen M. Ghailan, Khalid Y. Abdulhaq, Ahmed A. Ghzwani, Ahmad Hassn Zain, Khalid Ammash Atroosh, Wahib M. Alshabi, Alkhansa Khadashi, Hussein A. Darraj, Majid A. Eisa, Zaki M. Malar J Research BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the only two countries in the Arabian Peninsula that are yet to achieve malaria elimination. Over the past two decades, the malaria control programme in Saudi Arabia has successfully reduced the annual number of malaria cases, with the lowest incidence rate across the country reported in 2014. This study aims to investigate the distribution of residual malaria in Jazan region and to identify potential climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria cases in the region. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 1 April 2018 to 31 January 2019 in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, which targeted febrile individuals attending hospitals and primary healthcare centres. Participants’ demographic data were collected, including age, gender, nationality, and residence. Moreover, association of climatic variables with the monthly autochthonous malaria cases reported during the period of 2010–2017 was retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: A total of 1124 febrile subjects were found to be positive for malaria during the study period. Among them, 94.3 and 5.7% were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, respectively. In general, subjects aged 18–30 years and those aged over 50 years had the highest (42.7%) and lowest (5.9%) percentages of malaria cases. Similarly, the percentage of malaria-positive cases was higher among males than females (86.2 vs 13.8%), among non-Saudi compared to Saudi subjects (70.6 vs 29.4%), and among patients residing in rural rather than in urban areas (89.8 vs 10.2%). A total of 407 autochthonous malaria cases were reported in Jazan region between 2010 and 2017. Results of zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis showed that monthly average temperature and relative humidity were the significant climatic determinants of autochthonous malaria in the region. CONCLUSION: Malaria remains a public health problem in most governorates of Jazan region. The identification and monitoring of malaria transmission hotspots and predictors would enable control efforts to be intensified and focused on specific areas and therefore expedite the elimination of residual malaria from the whole region. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4. BioMed Central 2021-07-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8276496/ /pubmed/34256757 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Madkhali, Aymen M.
Ghailan, Khalid Y.
Abdulhaq, Ahmed A.
Ghzwani, Ahmad Hassn
Zain, Khalid Ammash
Atroosh, Wahib M.
Alshabi, Alkhansa
Khadashi, Hussein A.
Darraj, Majid A.
Eisa, Zaki M.
Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
title Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
title_full Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
title_fullStr Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
title_full_unstemmed Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
title_short Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
title_sort residual malaria in jazan region, southwestern saudi arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276496/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34256757
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4
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