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The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity
The field of microbiome research has developed rapidly over the past decades and has become a topic of major interest to basic, preclinical, and clinical research, the pharmaceutical industry as well as the general public. The microbiome is a complex and diverse ecosystem and defined as the collecti...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8278200/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34276696 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.702378 |
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author | Runge, Solveig Rosshart, Stephan Patrick |
author_facet | Runge, Solveig Rosshart, Stephan Patrick |
author_sort | Runge, Solveig |
collection | PubMed |
description | The field of microbiome research has developed rapidly over the past decades and has become a topic of major interest to basic, preclinical, and clinical research, the pharmaceutical industry as well as the general public. The microbiome is a complex and diverse ecosystem and defined as the collection of all host-associated microorganisms and their genes. It is acquired through vertical transmission and environmental exposure and includes microbes of all kingdoms: bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses, fungi, protozoa, and the meiofauna. These microorganisms co-evolved with their respective hosts over millions of years, thereby establishing a mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationship on all epithelial barriers. Thus, the microbiome plays a pivotal role in virtually every aspect of mammalian physiology, particularly in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system. Consequently, the combination of the host genome and the microbial genome, together referred to as the metagenome, largely drives the mammalian phenotype. So far, the majority of studies have unilaterally focused on the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota. However, recent work illustrating the impact of viruses, fungi, and protozoa on host immunity urges us towards a holistic view of the mammalian microbiome and the appreciation for its non-bacterial kingdoms. In addition, the importance of microbiota on epithelial barriers other than the gut as well as their systemic effects via microbially-derived biologically active compounds is increasingly recognized. Here, we want to provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the most important findings and the current knowledge on how microbes of all kingdoms and microbial niches shape local and systemic immunity in health and disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8278200 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82782002021-07-15 The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity Runge, Solveig Rosshart, Stephan Patrick Front Immunol Immunology The field of microbiome research has developed rapidly over the past decades and has become a topic of major interest to basic, preclinical, and clinical research, the pharmaceutical industry as well as the general public. The microbiome is a complex and diverse ecosystem and defined as the collection of all host-associated microorganisms and their genes. It is acquired through vertical transmission and environmental exposure and includes microbes of all kingdoms: bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses, fungi, protozoa, and the meiofauna. These microorganisms co-evolved with their respective hosts over millions of years, thereby establishing a mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationship on all epithelial barriers. Thus, the microbiome plays a pivotal role in virtually every aspect of mammalian physiology, particularly in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system. Consequently, the combination of the host genome and the microbial genome, together referred to as the metagenome, largely drives the mammalian phenotype. So far, the majority of studies have unilaterally focused on the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota. However, recent work illustrating the impact of viruses, fungi, and protozoa on host immunity urges us towards a holistic view of the mammalian microbiome and the appreciation for its non-bacterial kingdoms. In addition, the importance of microbiota on epithelial barriers other than the gut as well as their systemic effects via microbially-derived biologically active compounds is increasingly recognized. Here, we want to provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the most important findings and the current knowledge on how microbes of all kingdoms and microbial niches shape local and systemic immunity in health and disease. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-06-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8278200/ /pubmed/34276696 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.702378 Text en Copyright © 2021 Runge and Rosshart https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Runge, Solveig Rosshart, Stephan Patrick The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity |
title | The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity |
title_full | The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity |
title_fullStr | The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed | The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity |
title_short | The Mammalian Metaorganism: A Holistic View on How Microbes of All Kingdoms and Niches Shape Local and Systemic Immunity |
title_sort | mammalian metaorganism: a holistic view on how microbes of all kingdoms and niches shape local and systemic immunity |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8278200/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34276696 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.702378 |
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