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Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

INTRODUCTION: Globally, the incidence, as well as mortality, related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise, owing to relatively few curative options. Underlying cirrhosis is the most common etiology leading to HCC, but risk factors of cirrhosis show great regional variability. Over the ye...

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Autores principales: Raees, Aimun, Kamran, Muhammad, Özkan, Hasan, Jafri, Wasim
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8286363/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34316462
http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1335
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author Raees, Aimun
Kamran, Muhammad
Özkan, Hasan
Jafri, Wasim
author_facet Raees, Aimun
Kamran, Muhammad
Özkan, Hasan
Jafri, Wasim
author_sort Raees, Aimun
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: Globally, the incidence, as well as mortality, related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise, owing to relatively few curative options. Underlying cirrhosis is the most common etiology leading to HCC, but risk factors of cirrhosis show great regional variability. Over the years, there has been a steady development in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of HCC, including the availability of a wide range of systemic chemotherapeutic agents. We aim to review the recent advancements in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HCC. METHODOLOGY: The literature search was done using databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Science Direct, and the latest relevant articles were reviewed. FINDINGS: Screening of HCC is a pivotal step in the early diagnosis of the disease. Current guidelines recommend using ultrasound and alfa fetoprotein but various new biomarkers are under active research that might aid in diagnosing very small tumors, not picked up by the current screening methods. Treatment options are decided based upon the overall performance of the patient and the extent of the disease, as per the Barcelona classification. There are very few options that offer a cure for the disease, ranging from liver resection and transplantation to tumor ablation. Downstaging has proven to have a significant role in the course of the disease. An attempt to control the disease can be made via radiological interventions, such as transarterial chemoembolization, transarterial radioembolization, or radiation therapy. For advanced disease, sorafenib used to be the only option until a couple of years ago. Recently, many other systemic agents have received approval as first-line and second-line therapies for HCC. Genomics is an area of active clinical research as understanding the mutations and genomics involved in the evolution of HCC might lead to a breakthrough therapy. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Raees A, Kamran M, Özkan H, et al. Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2021;11(1):32–40.
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spelling pubmed-82863632021-07-26 Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Raees, Aimun Kamran, Muhammad Özkan, Hasan Jafri, Wasim Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol Review Article INTRODUCTION: Globally, the incidence, as well as mortality, related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise, owing to relatively few curative options. Underlying cirrhosis is the most common etiology leading to HCC, but risk factors of cirrhosis show great regional variability. Over the years, there has been a steady development in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of HCC, including the availability of a wide range of systemic chemotherapeutic agents. We aim to review the recent advancements in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HCC. METHODOLOGY: The literature search was done using databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Science Direct, and the latest relevant articles were reviewed. FINDINGS: Screening of HCC is a pivotal step in the early diagnosis of the disease. Current guidelines recommend using ultrasound and alfa fetoprotein but various new biomarkers are under active research that might aid in diagnosing very small tumors, not picked up by the current screening methods. Treatment options are decided based upon the overall performance of the patient and the extent of the disease, as per the Barcelona classification. There are very few options that offer a cure for the disease, ranging from liver resection and transplantation to tumor ablation. Downstaging has proven to have a significant role in the course of the disease. An attempt to control the disease can be made via radiological interventions, such as transarterial chemoembolization, transarterial radioembolization, or radiation therapy. For advanced disease, sorafenib used to be the only option until a couple of years ago. Recently, many other systemic agents have received approval as first-line and second-line therapies for HCC. Genomics is an area of active clinical research as understanding the mutations and genomics involved in the evolution of HCC might lead to a breakthrough therapy. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Raees A, Kamran M, Özkan H, et al. Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2021;11(1):32–40. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8286363/ /pubmed/34316462 http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1335 Text en Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Review Article
Raees, Aimun
Kamran, Muhammad
Özkan, Hasan
Jafri, Wasim
Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_full Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_fullStr Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_full_unstemmed Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_short Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_sort updates on the diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8286363/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34316462
http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1335
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