Evidence for oxygenation of Fe-Mg oxides at mid-mantle conditions and the rise of deep oxygen

As the reaction product of subducted water and the iron core, FeO(2) with more oxygen than hematite (Fe(2)O(3)) has been recently recognized as an important component in the D” layer just above the Earth's core-mantle boundary. Here, we report a new oxygen-excess phase (Mg, Fe)(2)O(3+)(δ) (0 < δ < 1, denoted as ‘OE-phase’). It forms at pressures greater than 40 gigapascal when (Mg, Fe)-bearing hydrous materials are heated over 1500 kelvin. The OE-phase is fully recoverable to ambient conditions for ex situ investigation using transmission electron microscopy, which indicates that the OE-phase contains ferric iron (Fe(3+)) as in Fe(2)O(3) but holds excess oxygen through interactions between oxygen atoms. The new OE-phase provides strong evidence that H(2)O has extraordinary oxidation power at high pressure. Unlike the formation of pyrite-type FeO(2)Hx which usually requires saturated water, the OE-phase can be formed with under-saturated water at mid-mantle conditions, and is expected to be more ubiquitous at depths greater than 1000 km in the Earth's mantle. The emergence of oxygen-excess reservoirs out of primordial or subducted (Mg, Fe)-bearing hydrous materials may revise our view on the deep-mantle redox chemistry.