Scalable fabrication of printed Zn//MnO(2) planar micro-batteries with high volumetric energy density and exceptional safety

The rapid development of printed and microscale electronics imminently requires compatible micro-batteries (MBs) with high performance, applicable scalability, and exceptional safety, but faces great challenges from the ever-reported stacked geometry. Herein the first printed planar prototype of aqueous-based, high-safety Zn//MnO(2) MBs, with outstanding performance, aesthetic diversity, flexibility and modularization, is demonstrated, based on interdigital patterns of Zn ink as anode and MnO(2) ink as cathode, with high-conducting graphene ink as a metal-free current collector, fabricated by an industrially scalable screen-printing technique. The planar separator-free Zn//MnO(2) MBs, tested in neutral aqueous electrolyte, deliver a high volumetric capacity of 19.3 mAh/cm(3) (corresponding to 393 mAh/g) at 7.5 mA/cm(3), and notable volumetric energy density of 17.3 mWh/cm(3), outperforming lithium thin-film batteries (≤10 mWh/cm(3)). Furthermore, our Zn//MnO(2) MBs present long-term cyclability having a high capacity retention of 83.9% after 1300 cycles at 5 C, which is superior to stacked Zn//MnO(2) batteries previously reported. Also, Zn//MnO(2) planar MBs exhibit exceptional flexibility without observable capacity decay under serious deformation, and remarkably serial and parallel integration of constructing bipolar cells with high voltage and capacity output. Therefore, low-cost, environmentally benign Zn//MnO(2) MBs with in-plane geometry possess huge potential as high-energy, safe, scalable and flexible microscale power sources for direction integration with printed electronics.