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Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines

Introduction: Physical distancing under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a significant impact on lifestyles, including exercise routines. In this study, we examined the relationship between mental health and addictive behaviors, such as excessive exercise and the use of image and...

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Autores principales: Shibata, Mami, Burkauskas, Julius, Dores, Artemisa R., Kobayashi, Kei, Yoshimura, Sayaka, Simonato, Pierluigi, De Luca, Ilaria, Cicconcelli, Dorotea, Giorgetti, Valentina, Carvalho, Irene P., Barbosa, Fernando, Monteiro, Cristina, Murai, Toshiya, Gómez-Martínez, Maria A., Demetrovics, Zsolt, Ábel, Krisztina Edina, Szabo, Attila, Ventola, Alejandra Rebeca Melero, Arroyo-Anlló, Eva Maria, Santos-Labrador, Ricardo M., Griskova-Bulanova, Inga, Pranckeviciene, Aiste, Bersani, Giuseppe, Fujiwara, Hironobu, Corazza, Ornella
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8290335/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34295291
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689058
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author Shibata, Mami
Burkauskas, Julius
Dores, Artemisa R.
Kobayashi, Kei
Yoshimura, Sayaka
Simonato, Pierluigi
De Luca, Ilaria
Cicconcelli, Dorotea
Giorgetti, Valentina
Carvalho, Irene P.
Barbosa, Fernando
Monteiro, Cristina
Murai, Toshiya
Gómez-Martínez, Maria A.
Demetrovics, Zsolt
Ábel, Krisztina Edina
Szabo, Attila
Ventola, Alejandra Rebeca Melero
Arroyo-Anlló, Eva Maria
Santos-Labrador, Ricardo M.
Griskova-Bulanova, Inga
Pranckeviciene, Aiste
Bersani, Giuseppe
Fujiwara, Hironobu
Corazza, Ornella
author_facet Shibata, Mami
Burkauskas, Julius
Dores, Artemisa R.
Kobayashi, Kei
Yoshimura, Sayaka
Simonato, Pierluigi
De Luca, Ilaria
Cicconcelli, Dorotea
Giorgetti, Valentina
Carvalho, Irene P.
Barbosa, Fernando
Monteiro, Cristina
Murai, Toshiya
Gómez-Martínez, Maria A.
Demetrovics, Zsolt
Ábel, Krisztina Edina
Szabo, Attila
Ventola, Alejandra Rebeca Melero
Arroyo-Anlló, Eva Maria
Santos-Labrador, Ricardo M.
Griskova-Bulanova, Inga
Pranckeviciene, Aiste
Bersani, Giuseppe
Fujiwara, Hironobu
Corazza, Ornella
author_sort Shibata, Mami
collection PubMed
description Introduction: Physical distancing under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a significant impact on lifestyles, including exercise routines. In this study, we examined the relationship between mental health and addictive behaviors, such as excessive exercise and the use of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) across 12 sport disciplines. Materials and methods: A large cross-sectional sample of the adult population (N = 2,295) was surveyed. The mean age was 33.09 (SD = 11.40). The number of male participants was 668 (30.0%). The use of IPEDs was assessed in conjunction with psychometric measures such as the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) and the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI). The participants were grouped into activity group (AG) and non-activity group (NAG) according to the presence or absence of their exercise habits. The results were compared between these groups, as well as across sport disciplines, while taking into account the relationship between different psychological measures and IPEDs consumption. Results: The frequency of IPEDs use was higher among AG (34.6%) than NAG (14.6%), although AG participants reported less history of addictions (7.1%) than NAG (11.8%). The logistic regression analysis revealed that scores equal to or above cutoff points, in both the EAI and AAI, predicted the IPEDs use. Regarding the differences across the various sport disciplines, those who were involved in practicing Weight Lifting and Cross Fit were found to be more at risk of excessive exercising and more inclined to use a wide range of IPEDs. Conclusions: Although exercise could help to increase well-being and prevent addictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, our results show that those in the AG are particularly vulnerable to excessive IPEDs use. Sport disciplines associated with higher EAI and AAI scores have also shown a higher tendency to excessive IPEDs use. Furthermore, the factor of having above the cutoff scores in EAI or AAI in each sport could indicate larger IPEDs consumption regardless of the discipline. In light of the current findings, it is necessary to better define the “non-excessive” levels of exercise in various sport disciplines and an adequate intake of IPEDs to ensure the safety and well-being of people during a pandemic.
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spelling pubmed-82903352021-07-21 Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines Shibata, Mami Burkauskas, Julius Dores, Artemisa R. Kobayashi, Kei Yoshimura, Sayaka Simonato, Pierluigi De Luca, Ilaria Cicconcelli, Dorotea Giorgetti, Valentina Carvalho, Irene P. Barbosa, Fernando Monteiro, Cristina Murai, Toshiya Gómez-Martínez, Maria A. Demetrovics, Zsolt Ábel, Krisztina Edina Szabo, Attila Ventola, Alejandra Rebeca Melero Arroyo-Anlló, Eva Maria Santos-Labrador, Ricardo M. Griskova-Bulanova, Inga Pranckeviciene, Aiste Bersani, Giuseppe Fujiwara, Hironobu Corazza, Ornella Front Psychol Psychology Introduction: Physical distancing under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a significant impact on lifestyles, including exercise routines. In this study, we examined the relationship between mental health and addictive behaviors, such as excessive exercise and the use of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) across 12 sport disciplines. Materials and methods: A large cross-sectional sample of the adult population (N = 2,295) was surveyed. The mean age was 33.09 (SD = 11.40). The number of male participants was 668 (30.0%). The use of IPEDs was assessed in conjunction with psychometric measures such as the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) and the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI). The participants were grouped into activity group (AG) and non-activity group (NAG) according to the presence or absence of their exercise habits. The results were compared between these groups, as well as across sport disciplines, while taking into account the relationship between different psychological measures and IPEDs consumption. Results: The frequency of IPEDs use was higher among AG (34.6%) than NAG (14.6%), although AG participants reported less history of addictions (7.1%) than NAG (11.8%). The logistic regression analysis revealed that scores equal to or above cutoff points, in both the EAI and AAI, predicted the IPEDs use. Regarding the differences across the various sport disciplines, those who were involved in practicing Weight Lifting and Cross Fit were found to be more at risk of excessive exercising and more inclined to use a wide range of IPEDs. Conclusions: Although exercise could help to increase well-being and prevent addictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, our results show that those in the AG are particularly vulnerable to excessive IPEDs use. Sport disciplines associated with higher EAI and AAI scores have also shown a higher tendency to excessive IPEDs use. Furthermore, the factor of having above the cutoff scores in EAI or AAI in each sport could indicate larger IPEDs consumption regardless of the discipline. In light of the current findings, it is necessary to better define the “non-excessive” levels of exercise in various sport disciplines and an adequate intake of IPEDs to ensure the safety and well-being of people during a pandemic. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-07-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8290335/ /pubmed/34295291 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689058 Text en Copyright © 2021 Shibata, Burkauskas, Dores, Kobayashi, Yoshimura, Simonato, De Luca, Cicconcelli, Giorgetti, Carvalho, Barbosa, Monteiro, Murai, Gómez-Martínez, Demetrovics, Ábel, Szabo, Ventola, Arroyo-Anlló, Santos-Labrador, Griskova-Bulanova, Pranckeviciene, Bersani, Fujiwara and Corazza. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychology
Shibata, Mami
Burkauskas, Julius
Dores, Artemisa R.
Kobayashi, Kei
Yoshimura, Sayaka
Simonato, Pierluigi
De Luca, Ilaria
Cicconcelli, Dorotea
Giorgetti, Valentina
Carvalho, Irene P.
Barbosa, Fernando
Monteiro, Cristina
Murai, Toshiya
Gómez-Martínez, Maria A.
Demetrovics, Zsolt
Ábel, Krisztina Edina
Szabo, Attila
Ventola, Alejandra Rebeca Melero
Arroyo-Anlló, Eva Maria
Santos-Labrador, Ricardo M.
Griskova-Bulanova, Inga
Pranckeviciene, Aiste
Bersani, Giuseppe
Fujiwara, Hironobu
Corazza, Ornella
Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines
title Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines
title_full Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines
title_fullStr Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines
title_short Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Well-Being, Exercise Routines, and the Intake of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Comparison Across Sport Disciplines
title_sort exploring the relationship between mental well-being, exercise routines, and the intake of image and performance enhancing drugs during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a comparison across sport disciplines
topic Psychology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8290335/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34295291
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689058
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