Cargando…

Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Czaja, Albert J
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8291028/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34321839
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705
_version_ 1783724569259933696
author Czaja, Albert J
author_facet Czaja, Albert J
author_sort Czaja, Albert J
collection PubMed
description Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8291028
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-82910282021-07-27 Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease Czaja, Albert J World J Gastroenterol Review Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 2021-07-07 2021-07-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8291028/ /pubmed/34321839 http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705 Text en ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
spellingShingle Review
Czaja, Albert J
Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
title Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
title_full Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
title_fullStr Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
title_full_unstemmed Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
title_short Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
title_sort incorporating mucosal-associated invariant t cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8291028/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34321839
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705
work_keys_str_mv AT czajaalbertj incorporatingmucosalassociatedinvarianttcellsintothepathogenesisofchronicliverdisease