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Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections

Prenatal viral infection can lead to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disabilities or fetal demise. These can include microencephaly, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, refractory epilepsy, deafness, retinal defects, and cortical-visual impairment. Each of these clinical conditions...

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Autores principales: Kousa, Youssef A., Hossain, Reafa A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8293342/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34205913
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020095
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author Kousa, Youssef A.
Hossain, Reafa A.
author_facet Kousa, Youssef A.
Hossain, Reafa A.
author_sort Kousa, Youssef A.
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description Prenatal viral infection can lead to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disabilities or fetal demise. These can include microencephaly, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, refractory epilepsy, deafness, retinal defects, and cortical-visual impairment. Each of these clinical conditions can occur on a semi-quantitative to continuous spectrum, from mild to severe disease, and often as a collective of phenotypes. Such serious outcomes result from viruses’ overlapping neuropathology and hosts’ common neuronal and gene regulatory response to infections. The etiology of variability in clinical outcomes is not yet clear, but it may be related to viral, host, vector, and/or environmental risk and protective factors that likely interact in multiple ways. In this perspective of the literature, we work toward understanding the causes of phenotypic variability after prenatal viral infections by highlighting key aspects of the viral lifecycle that can affect human disease, with special attention to the 2015 Zika pandemic. Therefore, this work offers important insights into how viral infections and environmental teratogens affect the prenatal brain, toward our ultimate goal of preventing neurodevelopmental disabilities.
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spelling pubmed-82933422021-07-22 Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections Kousa, Youssef A. Hossain, Reafa A. Trop Med Infect Dis Perspective Prenatal viral infection can lead to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disabilities or fetal demise. These can include microencephaly, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, refractory epilepsy, deafness, retinal defects, and cortical-visual impairment. Each of these clinical conditions can occur on a semi-quantitative to continuous spectrum, from mild to severe disease, and often as a collective of phenotypes. Such serious outcomes result from viruses’ overlapping neuropathology and hosts’ common neuronal and gene regulatory response to infections. The etiology of variability in clinical outcomes is not yet clear, but it may be related to viral, host, vector, and/or environmental risk and protective factors that likely interact in multiple ways. In this perspective of the literature, we work toward understanding the causes of phenotypic variability after prenatal viral infections by highlighting key aspects of the viral lifecycle that can affect human disease, with special attention to the 2015 Zika pandemic. Therefore, this work offers important insights into how viral infections and environmental teratogens affect the prenatal brain, toward our ultimate goal of preventing neurodevelopmental disabilities. MDPI 2021-06-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8293342/ /pubmed/34205913 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020095 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Perspective
Kousa, Youssef A.
Hossain, Reafa A.
Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections
title Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections
title_full Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections
title_fullStr Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections
title_full_unstemmed Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections
title_short Causes of Phenotypic Variability and Disabilities after Prenatal Viral Infections
title_sort causes of phenotypic variability and disabilities after prenatal viral infections
topic Perspective
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8293342/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34205913
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020095
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