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Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey

There is evidence that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in anxiety and depression rates among college students. However, little is known about how generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) developed among individuals of different race/skin color. This study aimed to determine whether the...

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Autores principales: da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo, de Lima Macena, Mateus, de Oliveira, Ana Debora Santos, Praxedes, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva, de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza, Isabele Rejane, Bueno, Nassib Bezerra
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294286/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34291439
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01107-3
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author da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo
de Lima Macena, Mateus
de Oliveira, Ana Debora Santos
Praxedes, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva
de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza, Isabele Rejane
Bueno, Nassib Bezerra
author_facet da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo
de Lima Macena, Mateus
de Oliveira, Ana Debora Santos
Praxedes, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva
de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza, Isabele Rejane
Bueno, Nassib Bezerra
author_sort da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo
collection PubMed
description There is evidence that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in anxiety and depression rates among college students. However, little is known about how generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) developed among individuals of different race/skin color. This study aimed to determine whether there are racial differences in GAD in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a nationwide cross-sectional study, carried out through the application of online questionnaires to university students from 94 Brazilian universities. Self-reported data on age, sex, economic class, race/skin color, anthropometric data, and adherence to social distancing measures were collected. To determine the GAD, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale was applied. A total of 5879 participants were included, with a mean age of 24.1 ± 6.4 years, and the majority were female (n = 4324, 73.5%), most self-declared to be whites (n = 2945, 50.1%), followed by browns (n = 2185, 37.2%) and blacks (n = 749, 12.7%). The prevalence of GAD among black Brazilian university students (47.3% [95% CI 43.7, 50.8]) was significantly higher than that of browns (38.6% [95% CI 36.6, 40.7]) and whites (44.1% [95% CI 42.3, 45.9]), even after multivariable adjustment by other sociodemographic factors. The findings of the present study suggest a possible racial difference in GAD among Brazilian university students, in which those who declared their race/skin color as black showed a greater risk for GAD than those who declared themselves as white or brown.
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spelling pubmed-82942862021-07-21 Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo de Lima Macena, Mateus de Oliveira, Ana Debora Santos Praxedes, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza, Isabele Rejane Bueno, Nassib Bezerra J Racial Ethn Health Disparities Article There is evidence that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in anxiety and depression rates among college students. However, little is known about how generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) developed among individuals of different race/skin color. This study aimed to determine whether there are racial differences in GAD in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a nationwide cross-sectional study, carried out through the application of online questionnaires to university students from 94 Brazilian universities. Self-reported data on age, sex, economic class, race/skin color, anthropometric data, and adherence to social distancing measures were collected. To determine the GAD, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale was applied. A total of 5879 participants were included, with a mean age of 24.1 ± 6.4 years, and the majority were female (n = 4324, 73.5%), most self-declared to be whites (n = 2945, 50.1%), followed by browns (n = 2185, 37.2%) and blacks (n = 749, 12.7%). The prevalence of GAD among black Brazilian university students (47.3% [95% CI 43.7, 50.8]) was significantly higher than that of browns (38.6% [95% CI 36.6, 40.7]) and whites (44.1% [95% CI 42.3, 45.9]), even after multivariable adjustment by other sociodemographic factors. The findings of the present study suggest a possible racial difference in GAD among Brazilian university students, in which those who declared their race/skin color as black showed a greater risk for GAD than those who declared themselves as white or brown. Springer International Publishing 2021-07-21 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC8294286/ /pubmed/34291439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01107-3 Text en © W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2021, corrected publication 2021Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
spellingShingle Article
da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo
de Lima Macena, Mateus
de Oliveira, Ana Debora Santos
Praxedes, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva
de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza, Isabele Rejane
Bueno, Nassib Bezerra
Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey
title Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey
title_full Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey
title_fullStr Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey
title_full_unstemmed Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey
title_short Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey
title_sort racial differences in generalized anxiety disorder during the covid-19 pandemic among brazilian university students: a national survey
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294286/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34291439
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01107-3
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