Searching for Scientific Explanations for the Uses of Spanish Folk Medicine: A Review on the Case of Mullein (Verbascum, Scrophulariaceae)

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Mullein (Verbascum spp.) has been widely used in Spanish folk medicine to treat several pathologies, and these applications suggest the potential anti-inflammatory action of these plants. Based on the aforementioned, a deep bibliographic review of the chemical composition of the 10 species of Verbascum, catalogued by the Spanish Inventory of Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity, and virtual simulations using computer programs were used to demonstrate the molecular evidence supporting the use of these intuitive and traditional popular medicines. ABSTRACT: Verbascum species (common mullein) have been widely used in Spanish folk medicine to treat pathologies related to the musculature, skeleton, and circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems, as well as to treat infectious diseases and organ-sense illnesses. These applications support the potential anti-inflammatory action of Verbascum phytochemicals. Based on the aforementioned facts, and following a deep bibliographic review of the chemical composition of the 10 species of Verbascum catalogued by the Spanish Inventory of Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity, we look for scientific evidences to correlate the traditional medical uses with the chemical components of these plants. To support these findings, in silico simulations were performed to investigate molecular interactions between Verbascum phytochemicals and cellular components. Most of common mullein traditional uses could rely on the anti-inflammatory action of phytochemicals, such as quercetin, and it could explain the employment of these plants to treat a wide range of diseases mediated by inflammatory processes such as respiratory diseases, otitis, arthrosis, and rheumatism among others.