Asleep Speech Mapping Using Orofacial Muscles as Surrogates for Motor Speech in Patients Who Cannot Tolerate Awake Surgery: A Case Series

Background Bi-polar electrical cortical stimulation during awake craniotomy has been the gold standard for mapping eloquent cortex to preserve speech. Unfortunately, not all patients can tolerate awake surgery. Monopolar hi-frequency electrical stimulation can be conducted while a patient is under general anesthesia. Utilizing this technique and targeting the orofacial muscles as surrogates for motor speech may provide a limited alternative to awake cortical mapping in patients unable to undergo surgery awake. Objective To evaluate the utility of asleep motor speech mapping during dominant hemisphere craniotomy for lesion resection in patients who cannot tolerate awake surgery. Methods We describe a series of seven patients who underwent craniotomy for resection of intra-axial lesion in eloquent cortex for whom a novel “asleep speech” cortical stimulation paradigm was used for motor speech preservation. Results Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from orofacial muscles involved in motor speech were recorded during direct cortical stimulation of eloquent cortex prior to and during lesion resection. Planned resections proceeded in all cases with no adverse neuromonitoring events. Speech was preserved in all patients. Conclusions To preserve motor speech functionality in patients unable to tolerate awake speech mapping, we employed a technique in which asleep neurophysiological mapping is specifically applied to motor cortex controlling the orofacial muscles of phonation and articulation. Further study is necessary regarding the safety and efficacy of this technique for motor speech preservation when awake surgery cannot be performed.