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Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings
Nutraceutical formulations based on probiotic microorganisms have gained significant attention over the past decade due to their beneficial properties on human health. Yeasts offer some advantages over other probiotic organisms, such as immunomodulatory properties, anticancer effects and effective s...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8302002/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34206397 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11070922 |
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author | Patarroyo, Jorge Luis Fonseca, Eduardo Cifuentes, Javier Salcedo, Felipe Cruz, Juan C. Reyes, Luis H. |
author_facet | Patarroyo, Jorge Luis Fonseca, Eduardo Cifuentes, Javier Salcedo, Felipe Cruz, Juan C. Reyes, Luis H. |
author_sort | Patarroyo, Jorge Luis |
collection | PubMed |
description | Nutraceutical formulations based on probiotic microorganisms have gained significant attention over the past decade due to their beneficial properties on human health. Yeasts offer some advantages over other probiotic organisms, such as immunomodulatory properties, anticancer effects and effective suppression of pathogens. However, one of the main challenges for their oral administration is ensuring that cell viability remains high enough for a sustained therapeutic effect while avoiding possible substrate inhibition issues as they transit through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here, we propose addressing these issues using a probiotic yeast encapsulation strategy, Kluyveromyces lactis, based on gelatin hydrogels doubly cross-linked with graphene oxide (GO) and glutaraldehyde to form highly resistant nanocomposite encapsulates. GO was selected here as a reinforcement agent due to its unique properties, including superior solubility and dispersibility in water and other solvents, high biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and response to electrical fields in its reduced form. Finally, GO has been reported to enhance the mechanical properties of several materials, including natural and synthetic polymers and ceramics. The synthesized GO-gelatin nanocomposite hydrogels were characterized in morphological, swelling, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties and their ability to maintain probiotic cell viability. The obtained nanocomposites exhibited larger pore sizes for successful cell entrapment and proliferation, tunable degradation rates, pH-dependent swelling ratio, and higher mechanical stability and integrity in simulated GI media and during bioreactor operation. These results encourage us to consider the application of the obtained nanocomposites to not only formulate high-performance nutraceuticals but to extend it to tissue engineering, bioadhesives, smart coatings, controlled release systems, and bioproduction of highly added value metabolites. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8302002 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83020022021-07-24 Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings Patarroyo, Jorge Luis Fonseca, Eduardo Cifuentes, Javier Salcedo, Felipe Cruz, Juan C. Reyes, Luis H. Biomolecules Article Nutraceutical formulations based on probiotic microorganisms have gained significant attention over the past decade due to their beneficial properties on human health. Yeasts offer some advantages over other probiotic organisms, such as immunomodulatory properties, anticancer effects and effective suppression of pathogens. However, one of the main challenges for their oral administration is ensuring that cell viability remains high enough for a sustained therapeutic effect while avoiding possible substrate inhibition issues as they transit through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here, we propose addressing these issues using a probiotic yeast encapsulation strategy, Kluyveromyces lactis, based on gelatin hydrogels doubly cross-linked with graphene oxide (GO) and glutaraldehyde to form highly resistant nanocomposite encapsulates. GO was selected here as a reinforcement agent due to its unique properties, including superior solubility and dispersibility in water and other solvents, high biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and response to electrical fields in its reduced form. Finally, GO has been reported to enhance the mechanical properties of several materials, including natural and synthetic polymers and ceramics. The synthesized GO-gelatin nanocomposite hydrogels were characterized in morphological, swelling, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties and their ability to maintain probiotic cell viability. The obtained nanocomposites exhibited larger pore sizes for successful cell entrapment and proliferation, tunable degradation rates, pH-dependent swelling ratio, and higher mechanical stability and integrity in simulated GI media and during bioreactor operation. These results encourage us to consider the application of the obtained nanocomposites to not only formulate high-performance nutraceuticals but to extend it to tissue engineering, bioadhesives, smart coatings, controlled release systems, and bioproduction of highly added value metabolites. MDPI 2021-06-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8302002/ /pubmed/34206397 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11070922 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Patarroyo, Jorge Luis Fonseca, Eduardo Cifuentes, Javier Salcedo, Felipe Cruz, Juan C. Reyes, Luis H. Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings |
title | Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings |
title_full | Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings |
title_fullStr | Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings |
title_full_unstemmed | Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings |
title_short | Gelatin-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Kluyveromyces lactis Encapsulation: Potential Applications in Probiotics and Bioreactor Packings |
title_sort | gelatin-graphene oxide nanocomposite hydrogels for kluyveromyces lactis encapsulation: potential applications in probiotics and bioreactor packings |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8302002/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34206397 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11070922 |
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