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The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota

The human gut is the largest organ with immune function in our body, responsible for regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier. A diverse, complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, called microbiota, which exert a significant impact on the host during homeostasis and disease, supp...

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Autores principales: Calleja-Conde, Javier, Echeverry-Alzate, Victor, Bühler, Kora-Mareen, Durán-González, Pedro, Morales-García, Jose Ángel, Segovia-Rodríguez, Lucía, Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernando, Giné, Elena, López-Moreno, Jose Antonio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8303153/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34299105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147485
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author Calleja-Conde, Javier
Echeverry-Alzate, Victor
Bühler, Kora-Mareen
Durán-González, Pedro
Morales-García, Jose Ángel
Segovia-Rodríguez, Lucía
Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernando
Giné, Elena
López-Moreno, Jose Antonio
author_facet Calleja-Conde, Javier
Echeverry-Alzate, Victor
Bühler, Kora-Mareen
Durán-González, Pedro
Morales-García, Jose Ángel
Segovia-Rodríguez, Lucía
Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernando
Giné, Elena
López-Moreno, Jose Antonio
author_sort Calleja-Conde, Javier
collection PubMed
description The human gut is the largest organ with immune function in our body, responsible for regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier. A diverse, complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, called microbiota, which exert a significant impact on the host during homeostasis and disease, supports this role. In fact, intestinal bacteria maintain immune and metabolic homeostasis, protecting our organism against pathogens. The development of numerous inflammatory disorders and infections has been linked to altered gut bacterial composition or dysbiosis. Multiple factors contribute to the establishment of the human gut microbiota. For instance, diet is considered as one of the many drivers in shaping the gut microbiota across the lifetime. By contrast, alcohol is one of the many factors that disrupt the proper functioning of the gut, leading to a disruption of the intestinal barrier integrity that increases the permeability of the mucosa, with the final result of a disrupted mucosal immunity. This damage to the permeability of the intestinal membrane allows bacteria and their components to enter the blood tissue, reaching other organs such as the liver or the brain. Although chronic heavy drinking has harmful effects on the immune system cells at the systemic level, this review focuses on the effect produced on gut, brain and liver, because of their significance in the link between alcohol consumption, gut microbiota and the immune system.
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spelling pubmed-83031532021-07-25 The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota Calleja-Conde, Javier Echeverry-Alzate, Victor Bühler, Kora-Mareen Durán-González, Pedro Morales-García, Jose Ángel Segovia-Rodríguez, Lucía Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernando Giné, Elena López-Moreno, Jose Antonio Int J Mol Sci Review The human gut is the largest organ with immune function in our body, responsible for regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier. A diverse, complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, called microbiota, which exert a significant impact on the host during homeostasis and disease, supports this role. In fact, intestinal bacteria maintain immune and metabolic homeostasis, protecting our organism against pathogens. The development of numerous inflammatory disorders and infections has been linked to altered gut bacterial composition or dysbiosis. Multiple factors contribute to the establishment of the human gut microbiota. For instance, diet is considered as one of the many drivers in shaping the gut microbiota across the lifetime. By contrast, alcohol is one of the many factors that disrupt the proper functioning of the gut, leading to a disruption of the intestinal barrier integrity that increases the permeability of the mucosa, with the final result of a disrupted mucosal immunity. This damage to the permeability of the intestinal membrane allows bacteria and their components to enter the blood tissue, reaching other organs such as the liver or the brain. Although chronic heavy drinking has harmful effects on the immune system cells at the systemic level, this review focuses on the effect produced on gut, brain and liver, because of their significance in the link between alcohol consumption, gut microbiota and the immune system. MDPI 2021-07-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8303153/ /pubmed/34299105 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147485 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Calleja-Conde, Javier
Echeverry-Alzate, Victor
Bühler, Kora-Mareen
Durán-González, Pedro
Morales-García, Jose Ángel
Segovia-Rodríguez, Lucía
Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernando
Giné, Elena
López-Moreno, Jose Antonio
The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
title The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
title_full The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
title_fullStr The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
title_full_unstemmed The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
title_short The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
title_sort immune system through the lens of alcohol intake and gut microbiota
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8303153/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34299105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147485
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