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NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells

The proper functioning of the immune system is critical for an effective defense against pathogenic factors such as bacteria and viruses. All the cellular processes taking place in an organism are strictly regulated by an intracellular network of signaling pathways. In the case of immune cells, the...

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Autores principales: Nowak, Karolina, Jabłońska, Ewa, Ratajczak-Wrona, Wioletta
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8304139/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34359968
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071799
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author Nowak, Karolina
Jabłońska, Ewa
Ratajczak-Wrona, Wioletta
author_facet Nowak, Karolina
Jabłońska, Ewa
Ratajczak-Wrona, Wioletta
author_sort Nowak, Karolina
collection PubMed
description The proper functioning of the immune system is critical for an effective defense against pathogenic factors such as bacteria and viruses. All the cellular processes taking place in an organism are strictly regulated by an intracellular network of signaling pathways. In the case of immune cells, the NF-κB pathway is considered the key signaling pathway as it regulates the expression of more than 200 genes. The transcription factor NF-κB is sensitive to exogenous factors, such as xenoestrogens (XEs), which are compounds mimicking the action of endogenous estrogens and are widely distributed in the environment. Moreover, XE-induced modulation of signaling pathways may be crucial for the proper development of the immune system. In this review, we summarize the effects of XEs on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on our analysis, we constructed a model of XE-induced signaling in immune cells and found that in most cases XEs activate NF-κB. Our analysis indicated that the indirect impact of XEs on NF-κB in immune cells is related to the modulation of estrogen signaling and other pathways such as MAPK and JAK/STAT. We also summarize the role of these aspects of signaling in the development and further functioning of the immune system in this paper.
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spelling pubmed-83041392021-07-25 NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells Nowak, Karolina Jabłońska, Ewa Ratajczak-Wrona, Wioletta Cells Review The proper functioning of the immune system is critical for an effective defense against pathogenic factors such as bacteria and viruses. All the cellular processes taking place in an organism are strictly regulated by an intracellular network of signaling pathways. In the case of immune cells, the NF-κB pathway is considered the key signaling pathway as it regulates the expression of more than 200 genes. The transcription factor NF-κB is sensitive to exogenous factors, such as xenoestrogens (XEs), which are compounds mimicking the action of endogenous estrogens and are widely distributed in the environment. Moreover, XE-induced modulation of signaling pathways may be crucial for the proper development of the immune system. In this review, we summarize the effects of XEs on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on our analysis, we constructed a model of XE-induced signaling in immune cells and found that in most cases XEs activate NF-κB. Our analysis indicated that the indirect impact of XEs on NF-κB in immune cells is related to the modulation of estrogen signaling and other pathways such as MAPK and JAK/STAT. We also summarize the role of these aspects of signaling in the development and further functioning of the immune system in this paper. MDPI 2021-07-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8304139/ /pubmed/34359968 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071799 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Nowak, Karolina
Jabłońska, Ewa
Ratajczak-Wrona, Wioletta
NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells
title NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells
title_full NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells
title_fullStr NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells
title_full_unstemmed NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells
title_short NF-κB—An Important Player in Xenoestrogen Signaling in Immune Cells
title_sort nf-κb—an important player in xenoestrogen signaling in immune cells
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8304139/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34359968
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071799
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