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The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach
Purpose: This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression for both males and females in the U.S. Methods: Data are drawn from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and a simultaneous ordered probability system is estimated with maximum...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8304982/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34300124 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147673 |
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author | Zhang, Jun |
author_facet | Zhang, Jun |
author_sort | Zhang, Jun |
collection | PubMed |
description | Purpose: This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression for both males and females in the U.S. Methods: Data are drawn from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and a simultaneous ordered probability system is estimated with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to accommodate the two-way causality between depression and body weight categories. The variable of depression is measured by individuals’ past depressive records and current mental health status. Results: Depression and body weight are found to affect each other positively for both males and females on average. In a randomized population, the results of average treatment effects suggest significant body weight differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals. Age and other sociodemographic factors affect body weight differently between genders and between the people with depression and those without. Conclusion: The positive bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression is found. The effect of depression on body weight is significant among both males and females in a randomized population, and females who experience depression are most likely to be obese and less likely to have normal weight compared to females without depression. The risks of overweight and obesity are high among people who are less educated or unable, who have poor health statuses, and who had high blood pressure. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8304982 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83049822021-07-25 The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach Zhang, Jun Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Purpose: This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression for both males and females in the U.S. Methods: Data are drawn from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and a simultaneous ordered probability system is estimated with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to accommodate the two-way causality between depression and body weight categories. The variable of depression is measured by individuals’ past depressive records and current mental health status. Results: Depression and body weight are found to affect each other positively for both males and females on average. In a randomized population, the results of average treatment effects suggest significant body weight differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals. Age and other sociodemographic factors affect body weight differently between genders and between the people with depression and those without. Conclusion: The positive bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression is found. The effect of depression on body weight is significant among both males and females in a randomized population, and females who experience depression are most likely to be obese and less likely to have normal weight compared to females without depression. The risks of overweight and obesity are high among people who are less educated or unable, who have poor health statuses, and who had high blood pressure. MDPI 2021-07-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8304982/ /pubmed/34300124 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147673 Text en © 2021 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Zhang, Jun The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach |
title | The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach |
title_full | The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach |
title_fullStr | The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach |
title_full_unstemmed | The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach |
title_short | The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach |
title_sort | bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression across gender: a simultaneous equation approach |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8304982/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34300124 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147673 |
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