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Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens
Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8305138/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34359341 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259 |
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author | van Belkum, Alex Almeida, Carina Bardiaux, Benjamin Barrass, Sarah V. Butcher, Sarah J. Çaykara, Tuğçe Chowdhury, Sounak Datar, Rucha Eastwood, Ian Goldman, Adrian Goyal, Manisha Happonen, Lotta Izadi-Pruneyre, Nadia Jacobsen, Theis Johnson, Pirjo H. Kempf, Volkhard A. J. Kiessling, Andreas Bueno, Juan Leva Malik, Anchal Malmström, Johan Meuskens, Ina Milner, Paul A. Nilges, Michael Pamme, Nicole Peyman, Sally A. Rodrigues, Ligia R. Rodriguez-Mateos, Pablo Sande, Maria G. Silva, Carla Joana Stasiak, Aleksandra Cecylia Stehle, Thilo Thibau, Arno Vaca, Diana J. Linke, Dirk |
author_facet | van Belkum, Alex Almeida, Carina Bardiaux, Benjamin Barrass, Sarah V. Butcher, Sarah J. Çaykara, Tuğçe Chowdhury, Sounak Datar, Rucha Eastwood, Ian Goldman, Adrian Goyal, Manisha Happonen, Lotta Izadi-Pruneyre, Nadia Jacobsen, Theis Johnson, Pirjo H. Kempf, Volkhard A. J. Kiessling, Andreas Bueno, Juan Leva Malik, Anchal Malmström, Johan Meuskens, Ina Milner, Paul A. Nilges, Michael Pamme, Nicole Peyman, Sally A. Rodrigues, Ligia R. Rodriguez-Mateos, Pablo Sande, Maria G. Silva, Carla Joana Stasiak, Aleksandra Cecylia Stehle, Thilo Thibau, Arno Vaca, Diana J. Linke, Dirk |
author_sort | van Belkum, Alex |
collection | PubMed |
description | Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8305138 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83051382021-07-25 Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens van Belkum, Alex Almeida, Carina Bardiaux, Benjamin Barrass, Sarah V. Butcher, Sarah J. Çaykara, Tuğçe Chowdhury, Sounak Datar, Rucha Eastwood, Ian Goldman, Adrian Goyal, Manisha Happonen, Lotta Izadi-Pruneyre, Nadia Jacobsen, Theis Johnson, Pirjo H. Kempf, Volkhard A. J. Kiessling, Andreas Bueno, Juan Leva Malik, Anchal Malmström, Johan Meuskens, Ina Milner, Paul A. Nilges, Michael Pamme, Nicole Peyman, Sally A. Rodrigues, Ligia R. Rodriguez-Mateos, Pablo Sande, Maria G. Silva, Carla Joana Stasiak, Aleksandra Cecylia Stehle, Thilo Thibau, Arno Vaca, Diana J. Linke, Dirk Diagnostics (Basel) Review Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. MDPI 2021-07-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8305138/ /pubmed/34359341 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review van Belkum, Alex Almeida, Carina Bardiaux, Benjamin Barrass, Sarah V. Butcher, Sarah J. Çaykara, Tuğçe Chowdhury, Sounak Datar, Rucha Eastwood, Ian Goldman, Adrian Goyal, Manisha Happonen, Lotta Izadi-Pruneyre, Nadia Jacobsen, Theis Johnson, Pirjo H. Kempf, Volkhard A. J. Kiessling, Andreas Bueno, Juan Leva Malik, Anchal Malmström, Johan Meuskens, Ina Milner, Paul A. Nilges, Michael Pamme, Nicole Peyman, Sally A. Rodrigues, Ligia R. Rodriguez-Mateos, Pablo Sande, Maria G. Silva, Carla Joana Stasiak, Aleksandra Cecylia Stehle, Thilo Thibau, Arno Vaca, Diana J. Linke, Dirk Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens |
title | Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens |
title_full | Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens |
title_fullStr | Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens |
title_full_unstemmed | Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens |
title_short | Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens |
title_sort | host-pathogen adhesion as the basis of innovative diagnostics for emerging pathogens |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8305138/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34359341 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259 |
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