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Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver

The classification of histoplasmosis as an AIDS-defining illness has largely attributed its occurrence in people to the presence of HIV/AIDS especially in Africa. Prior to the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many cases of histoplasmosis were documented both in the pediatric and adult population. Ou...

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Autores principales: Ekeng, Bassey E., Edem, Kevin, Amamilo, Ikechukwu, Panos, Zachary, Denning, David W., Oladele, Rita O.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8305925/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34209280
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070530
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author Ekeng, Bassey E.
Edem, Kevin
Amamilo, Ikechukwu
Panos, Zachary
Denning, David W.
Oladele, Rita O.
author_facet Ekeng, Bassey E.
Edem, Kevin
Amamilo, Ikechukwu
Panos, Zachary
Denning, David W.
Oladele, Rita O.
author_sort Ekeng, Bassey E.
collection PubMed
description The classification of histoplasmosis as an AIDS-defining illness has largely attributed its occurrence in people to the presence of HIV/AIDS especially in Africa. Prior to the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many cases of histoplasmosis were documented both in the pediatric and adult population. Our review revealed 1461 reported cases of pediatric histoplasmosis globally in the last eight decades (1939–2021). North America (n = 1231) had the highest number of cases, followed by South America (n = 135), Africa (n = 65), Asia (n = 26) and Europe (n = 4). Histoplasmosis was much more common in the non-HIV pediatric population (n = 1418, 97.1%) compared to the HIV population. The non-HIV factors implicated were, childhood malignancies (n = 207), such as leukemias and lymphomas as well as their treatment, lung diseases (n = 7), environmental exposures and toxins (n = 224), autoimmune diseases (n = 12), organ transplants (n = 12), long-term steroid therapy (n = 3), the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (n = 7) malnutrition (n = 12), histiocytosis (n = 3), hyperimmunoglobulin M and E syndromes (n = 15, 1.2%), pancytopaenias (n = 26), diabetes mellitus (n = 1) and T-cell deficiency (n = 21). Paediatricians should always consider or rule out a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in children presenting with symptoms suggestive of the above clinical conditions.
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spelling pubmed-83059252021-07-25 Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver Ekeng, Bassey E. Edem, Kevin Amamilo, Ikechukwu Panos, Zachary Denning, David W. Oladele, Rita O. J Fungi (Basel) Review The classification of histoplasmosis as an AIDS-defining illness has largely attributed its occurrence in people to the presence of HIV/AIDS especially in Africa. Prior to the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many cases of histoplasmosis were documented both in the pediatric and adult population. Our review revealed 1461 reported cases of pediatric histoplasmosis globally in the last eight decades (1939–2021). North America (n = 1231) had the highest number of cases, followed by South America (n = 135), Africa (n = 65), Asia (n = 26) and Europe (n = 4). Histoplasmosis was much more common in the non-HIV pediatric population (n = 1418, 97.1%) compared to the HIV population. The non-HIV factors implicated were, childhood malignancies (n = 207), such as leukemias and lymphomas as well as their treatment, lung diseases (n = 7), environmental exposures and toxins (n = 224), autoimmune diseases (n = 12), organ transplants (n = 12), long-term steroid therapy (n = 3), the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (n = 7) malnutrition (n = 12), histiocytosis (n = 3), hyperimmunoglobulin M and E syndromes (n = 15, 1.2%), pancytopaenias (n = 26), diabetes mellitus (n = 1) and T-cell deficiency (n = 21). Paediatricians should always consider or rule out a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in children presenting with symptoms suggestive of the above clinical conditions. MDPI 2021-06-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8305925/ /pubmed/34209280 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070530 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ekeng, Bassey E.
Edem, Kevin
Amamilo, Ikechukwu
Panos, Zachary
Denning, David W.
Oladele, Rita O.
Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver
title Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver
title_full Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver
title_fullStr Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver
title_full_unstemmed Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver
title_short Histoplasmosis in Children; HIV/AIDS Not a Major Driver
title_sort histoplasmosis in children; hiv/aids not a major driver
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8305925/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34209280
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070530
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