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Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most lethal cancers worldwide because of its high refractoriness and multi-drug resistance to existing chemotherapies, which leads to poor patient survival. Novel pharmacological strategies to tackle HCC are based on oral multi-kinase inhibito...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308499/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34358082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14070656 |
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author | Devan, Aswathy R. Kumar, Ayana R. Nair, Bhagyalakshmi Anto, Nikhil Ponnoor Muraleedharan, Amitha Mathew, Bijo Kim, Hoon Nath, Lekshmi R. |
author_facet | Devan, Aswathy R. Kumar, Ayana R. Nair, Bhagyalakshmi Anto, Nikhil Ponnoor Muraleedharan, Amitha Mathew, Bijo Kim, Hoon Nath, Lekshmi R. |
author_sort | Devan, Aswathy R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most lethal cancers worldwide because of its high refractoriness and multi-drug resistance to existing chemotherapies, which leads to poor patient survival. Novel pharmacological strategies to tackle HCC are based on oral multi-kinase inhibitors like sorafenib; however, the clinical use of the drug is restricted due to the limited survival rate and significant side effects, suggesting the existence of a primary or/and acquired drug-resistance mechanism. Because of this hurdle, HCC patients are forced through incomplete therapy. Although multiple approaches have been employed in parallel to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), the results are varying with insignificant outcomes. In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough approach and has played a critical role in HCC treatment. The liver is the main immune organ of the lymphatic system. Researchers utilize immunotherapy because immune evasion is considered a major reason for rapid HCC progression. Moreover, the immune response can be augmented and sustained, thus preventing cancer relapse over the post-treatment period. In this review, we provide detailed insights into the immunotherapeutic approaches to combat MDR by focusing on HCC, together with challenges in clinical translation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8308499 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83084992021-07-25 Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Devan, Aswathy R. Kumar, Ayana R. Nair, Bhagyalakshmi Anto, Nikhil Ponnoor Muraleedharan, Amitha Mathew, Bijo Kim, Hoon Nath, Lekshmi R. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) Review Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most lethal cancers worldwide because of its high refractoriness and multi-drug resistance to existing chemotherapies, which leads to poor patient survival. Novel pharmacological strategies to tackle HCC are based on oral multi-kinase inhibitors like sorafenib; however, the clinical use of the drug is restricted due to the limited survival rate and significant side effects, suggesting the existence of a primary or/and acquired drug-resistance mechanism. Because of this hurdle, HCC patients are forced through incomplete therapy. Although multiple approaches have been employed in parallel to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), the results are varying with insignificant outcomes. In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough approach and has played a critical role in HCC treatment. The liver is the main immune organ of the lymphatic system. Researchers utilize immunotherapy because immune evasion is considered a major reason for rapid HCC progression. Moreover, the immune response can be augmented and sustained, thus preventing cancer relapse over the post-treatment period. In this review, we provide detailed insights into the immunotherapeutic approaches to combat MDR by focusing on HCC, together with challenges in clinical translation. MDPI 2021-07-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8308499/ /pubmed/34358082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14070656 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Devan, Aswathy R. Kumar, Ayana R. Nair, Bhagyalakshmi Anto, Nikhil Ponnoor Muraleedharan, Amitha Mathew, Bijo Kim, Hoon Nath, Lekshmi R. Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title | Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_full | Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_fullStr | Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_full_unstemmed | Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_short | Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_sort | insights into an immunotherapeutic approach to combat multidrug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308499/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34358082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14070656 |
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