Cargando…
Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence
Menopause, probably the most important natural change in a woman’s life and a major component of female senescence, is characterized, inter alia, by cessation of ovarian estrogen and progesterone production, resulting in a gradual deterioration of the female immune system. Hormone replacement therap...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308838/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34371873 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072363 |
_version_ | 1783728377293701120 |
---|---|
author | Vrachnis, Nikolaos Zygouris, Dimitrios Vrachnis, Dionysios Antonakopoulos, Nikolaos Fotiou, Alexandros Panagopoulos, Periklis Kolialexi, Aggeliki Pappa, Kalliopi Mastorakos, George Iliodromiti, Zoi |
author_facet | Vrachnis, Nikolaos Zygouris, Dimitrios Vrachnis, Dionysios Antonakopoulos, Nikolaos Fotiou, Alexandros Panagopoulos, Periklis Kolialexi, Aggeliki Pappa, Kalliopi Mastorakos, George Iliodromiti, Zoi |
author_sort | Vrachnis, Nikolaos |
collection | PubMed |
description | Menopause, probably the most important natural change in a woman’s life and a major component of female senescence, is characterized, inter alia, by cessation of ovarian estrogen and progesterone production, resulting in a gradual deterioration of the female immune system. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used in postmenopausal women to relieve some of the peri- and postmenopausal symptoms, while there is also evidence that the therapy may additionally partially reverse menopausal immune senescence. Flavonoids, and especially isoflavones, are widely used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, although it is not at present clear whether they can reverse or alleviate other menopausal changes. HRT reverses the menopausal CD4/CD8 ratio and also limits the general peri- and postmenopausal inflammatory state. Moreover, the increased levels of interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, as well as of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are decreased after the initiation of HRT. However, some reports show no effect of HRT on IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12. It is thus evident that the molecular pathways connecting HRT and female immune senescence need to be clarified. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that the anti-inflammatory properties of isoflavones possibly interact with inflammatory cytokines when applied in menopause treatments, thereby potentially reversing immune senescence. This narrative review presents the latest data on the effect of menopausal therapies, including administration of flavonoid-rich products, on age-associated immune senescence reversal with the aim of revealing possible directions for future research and treatment development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8308838 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83088382021-07-25 Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence Vrachnis, Nikolaos Zygouris, Dimitrios Vrachnis, Dionysios Antonakopoulos, Nikolaos Fotiou, Alexandros Panagopoulos, Periklis Kolialexi, Aggeliki Pappa, Kalliopi Mastorakos, George Iliodromiti, Zoi Nutrients Review Menopause, probably the most important natural change in a woman’s life and a major component of female senescence, is characterized, inter alia, by cessation of ovarian estrogen and progesterone production, resulting in a gradual deterioration of the female immune system. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used in postmenopausal women to relieve some of the peri- and postmenopausal symptoms, while there is also evidence that the therapy may additionally partially reverse menopausal immune senescence. Flavonoids, and especially isoflavones, are widely used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, although it is not at present clear whether they can reverse or alleviate other menopausal changes. HRT reverses the menopausal CD4/CD8 ratio and also limits the general peri- and postmenopausal inflammatory state. Moreover, the increased levels of interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, as well as of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are decreased after the initiation of HRT. However, some reports show no effect of HRT on IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12. It is thus evident that the molecular pathways connecting HRT and female immune senescence need to be clarified. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that the anti-inflammatory properties of isoflavones possibly interact with inflammatory cytokines when applied in menopause treatments, thereby potentially reversing immune senescence. This narrative review presents the latest data on the effect of menopausal therapies, including administration of flavonoid-rich products, on age-associated immune senescence reversal with the aim of revealing possible directions for future research and treatment development. MDPI 2021-07-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8308838/ /pubmed/34371873 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072363 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Vrachnis, Nikolaos Zygouris, Dimitrios Vrachnis, Dionysios Antonakopoulos, Nikolaos Fotiou, Alexandros Panagopoulos, Periklis Kolialexi, Aggeliki Pappa, Kalliopi Mastorakos, George Iliodromiti, Zoi Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence |
title | Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence |
title_full | Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence |
title_fullStr | Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence |
title_short | Effects of Hormone Therapy and Flavonoids Capable on Reversal of Menopausal Immune Senescence |
title_sort | effects of hormone therapy and flavonoids capable on reversal of menopausal immune senescence |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308838/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34371873 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072363 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT vrachnisnikolaos effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT zygourisdimitrios effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT vrachnisdionysios effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT antonakopoulosnikolaos effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT fotioualexandros effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT panagopoulosperiklis effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT kolialexiaggeliki effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT pappakalliopi effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT mastorakosgeorge effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence AT iliodromitizoi effectsofhormonetherapyandflavonoidscapableonreversalofmenopausalimmunesenescence |