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Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV

In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral the...

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Autores principales: Royston, Léna, Isnard, Stéphane, Lin, John, Routy, Jean-Pierre
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8309982/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34209711
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071266
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author Royston, Léna
Isnard, Stéphane
Lin, John
Routy, Jean-Pierre
author_facet Royston, Léna
Isnard, Stéphane
Lin, John
Routy, Jean-Pierre
author_sort Royston, Léna
collection PubMed
description In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH.
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spelling pubmed-83099822021-07-25 Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV Royston, Léna Isnard, Stéphane Lin, John Routy, Jean-Pierre Viruses Review In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH. MDPI 2021-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8309982/ /pubmed/34209711 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071266 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Royston, Léna
Isnard, Stéphane
Lin, John
Routy, Jean-Pierre
Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
title Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
title_full Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
title_fullStr Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
title_full_unstemmed Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
title_short Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV
title_sort cytomegalovirus as an uninvited guest in the response to vaccines in people living with hiv
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8309982/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34209711
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071266
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