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Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals
Astrovirus infections are among the main causes of diarrhea in children, but their significance for animal health has remained underestimated and largely unknown. This is changing due to the increasing amount of newly identified neurotropic astroviruses in cases of nonsuppurative encephalitis and ne...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34201545 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071201 |
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author | Wildi, Nicole Seuberlich, Torsten |
author_facet | Wildi, Nicole Seuberlich, Torsten |
author_sort | Wildi, Nicole |
collection | PubMed |
description | Astrovirus infections are among the main causes of diarrhea in children, but their significance for animal health has remained underestimated and largely unknown. This is changing due to the increasing amount of newly identified neurotropic astroviruses in cases of nonsuppurative encephalitis and neurological disease in humans, pigs, ruminant species and minks. Neurological cases in ruminants and humans usually occur sporadically and as isolated cases. This contrasts with the situation in pigs and minks, in which diseases associated with neurotropic astroviruses are endemic and occur on the herd level. Affected animals show neurological signs such as mild ataxia to tetraplegia, loss of orientation or trembling, and the outcome is often fatal. Non-suppurative inflammation with perivascular cuffing, gliosis and neuronal necrosis are typical histological lesions of astrovirus encephalitis. Since astroviruses primarily target the gastrointestinal tract, it is assumed that they infect the brain through the circulatory system or retrograde following the nerves. The phylogenetic analysis of neurotropic astroviruses has revealed that they are genetically closely related, suggesting the presence of viral determinants for tissue tropism and neuroinvasion. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neurotropic astrovirus infections in animals and propose future research activities. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8310007 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83100072021-07-25 Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals Wildi, Nicole Seuberlich, Torsten Viruses Review Astrovirus infections are among the main causes of diarrhea in children, but their significance for animal health has remained underestimated and largely unknown. This is changing due to the increasing amount of newly identified neurotropic astroviruses in cases of nonsuppurative encephalitis and neurological disease in humans, pigs, ruminant species and minks. Neurological cases in ruminants and humans usually occur sporadically and as isolated cases. This contrasts with the situation in pigs and minks, in which diseases associated with neurotropic astroviruses are endemic and occur on the herd level. Affected animals show neurological signs such as mild ataxia to tetraplegia, loss of orientation or trembling, and the outcome is often fatal. Non-suppurative inflammation with perivascular cuffing, gliosis and neuronal necrosis are typical histological lesions of astrovirus encephalitis. Since astroviruses primarily target the gastrointestinal tract, it is assumed that they infect the brain through the circulatory system or retrograde following the nerves. The phylogenetic analysis of neurotropic astroviruses has revealed that they are genetically closely related, suggesting the presence of viral determinants for tissue tropism and neuroinvasion. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neurotropic astrovirus infections in animals and propose future research activities. MDPI 2021-06-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8310007/ /pubmed/34201545 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071201 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Wildi, Nicole Seuberlich, Torsten Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals |
title | Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals |
title_full | Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals |
title_fullStr | Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals |
title_full_unstemmed | Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals |
title_short | Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals |
title_sort | neurotropic astroviruses in animals |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34201545 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071201 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT wildinicole neurotropicastrovirusesinanimals AT seuberlichtorsten neurotropicastrovirusesinanimals |