Cargando…
Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration
Testing and isolation have been crucial for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Venezuela has one of the weakest testing infrastructures in Latin America and the low number of reported cases in the country has been attributed to substantial underreporting. However, the Venezuelan epidemic seems to ha...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310363/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34358135 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070719 |
_version_ | 1783728743726972928 |
---|---|
author | Lampo, Margarita Hernández-Villena, Juan V. Cascante, Jaime Vincenti-González, María F. Forero-Peña, David A. Segovia, Maikell J. Hampson, Katie Castro, Julio Grillet, Maria Eugenia |
author_facet | Lampo, Margarita Hernández-Villena, Juan V. Cascante, Jaime Vincenti-González, María F. Forero-Peña, David A. Segovia, Maikell J. Hampson, Katie Castro, Julio Grillet, Maria Eugenia |
author_sort | Lampo, Margarita |
collection | PubMed |
description | Testing and isolation have been crucial for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Venezuela has one of the weakest testing infrastructures in Latin America and the low number of reported cases in the country has been attributed to substantial underreporting. However, the Venezuelan epidemic seems to have lagged behind other countries in the region, with most cases occurring within the capital region and four border states. Here, we describe the spatial epidemiology of COVID-19 in Venezuela and its relation to the population mobility, migration patterns, non-pharmaceutical interventions and fuel availability that impact population movement. Using a metapopulation model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics, we explore how movement patterns could have driven the observed distribution of cases. Low within-country connectivity most likely delayed the onset of the epidemic in most states, except for those bordering Colombia and Brazil, where high immigration seeded outbreaks. NPIs slowed early epidemic growth and subsequent fuel shortages appeared to be responsible for limiting the spread of COVID-19 across the country. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8310363 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83103632021-07-25 Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration Lampo, Margarita Hernández-Villena, Juan V. Cascante, Jaime Vincenti-González, María F. Forero-Peña, David A. Segovia, Maikell J. Hampson, Katie Castro, Julio Grillet, Maria Eugenia Vaccines (Basel) Article Testing and isolation have been crucial for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Venezuela has one of the weakest testing infrastructures in Latin America and the low number of reported cases in the country has been attributed to substantial underreporting. However, the Venezuelan epidemic seems to have lagged behind other countries in the region, with most cases occurring within the capital region and four border states. Here, we describe the spatial epidemiology of COVID-19 in Venezuela and its relation to the population mobility, migration patterns, non-pharmaceutical interventions and fuel availability that impact population movement. Using a metapopulation model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics, we explore how movement patterns could have driven the observed distribution of cases. Low within-country connectivity most likely delayed the onset of the epidemic in most states, except for those bordering Colombia and Brazil, where high immigration seeded outbreaks. NPIs slowed early epidemic growth and subsequent fuel shortages appeared to be responsible for limiting the spread of COVID-19 across the country. MDPI 2021-07-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8310363/ /pubmed/34358135 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070719 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Lampo, Margarita Hernández-Villena, Juan V. Cascante, Jaime Vincenti-González, María F. Forero-Peña, David A. Segovia, Maikell J. Hampson, Katie Castro, Julio Grillet, Maria Eugenia Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration |
title | Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration |
title_full | Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration |
title_fullStr | Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration |
title_full_unstemmed | Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration |
title_short | Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration |
title_sort | signatures of the venezuelan humanitarian crisis in the first wave of covid-19: fuel shortages and border migration |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310363/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34358135 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070719 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT lampomargarita signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT hernandezvillenajuanv signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT cascantejaime signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT vincentigonzalezmariaf signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT foreropenadavida signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT segoviamaikellj signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT hampsonkatie signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT castrojulio signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration AT grilletmariaeugenia signaturesofthevenezuelanhumanitariancrisisinthefirstwaveofcovid19fuelshortagesandbordermigration |