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The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis
Expressed on the endothelial cell (EC) surface of blood vessels, the glycocalyx (GCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins, regulates the access of cells and molecules in the blood to the endothelium. Besides protecting endothelial barrier integrity, the dynamic microstructure of the GCX...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8316827/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34336864 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.711003 |
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author | Villalba, Nuria Baby, Sheon Yuan, Sarah Y. |
author_facet | Villalba, Nuria Baby, Sheon Yuan, Sarah Y. |
author_sort | Villalba, Nuria |
collection | PubMed |
description | Expressed on the endothelial cell (EC) surface of blood vessels, the glycocalyx (GCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins, regulates the access of cells and molecules in the blood to the endothelium. Besides protecting endothelial barrier integrity, the dynamic microstructure of the GCX confers remarkable functions including mechanotransduction and control of vascular tone. Recently, a novel perspective has emerged supporting the pleiotropic roles of the endothelial GCX (eGCX) in cardiovascular health and disease. Because eGCX degradation occurs in certain pathological states, the circulating levels of eGCX degradation products have been recognized to have diagnostic or prognostic values. Beyond their biomarker roles, certain eGCX fragments serve as pathogenic factors in disease progression. Pharmacological interventions that attenuate eGCX degradation or restore its integrity have been sought. This review provides our current understanding of eGCX structure and function across the microvasculature in different organs. We also discuss disease or injury states, such as infection, sepsis and trauma, where eGCX dysfunction contributes to severe inflammatory vasculopathy. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8316827 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83168272021-07-29 The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis Villalba, Nuria Baby, Sheon Yuan, Sarah Y. Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology Expressed on the endothelial cell (EC) surface of blood vessels, the glycocalyx (GCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins, regulates the access of cells and molecules in the blood to the endothelium. Besides protecting endothelial barrier integrity, the dynamic microstructure of the GCX confers remarkable functions including mechanotransduction and control of vascular tone. Recently, a novel perspective has emerged supporting the pleiotropic roles of the endothelial GCX (eGCX) in cardiovascular health and disease. Because eGCX degradation occurs in certain pathological states, the circulating levels of eGCX degradation products have been recognized to have diagnostic or prognostic values. Beyond their biomarker roles, certain eGCX fragments serve as pathogenic factors in disease progression. Pharmacological interventions that attenuate eGCX degradation or restore its integrity have been sought. This review provides our current understanding of eGCX structure and function across the microvasculature in different organs. We also discuss disease or injury states, such as infection, sepsis and trauma, where eGCX dysfunction contributes to severe inflammatory vasculopathy. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-07-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8316827/ /pubmed/34336864 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.711003 Text en Copyright © 2021 Villalba, Baby and Yuan. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cell and Developmental Biology Villalba, Nuria Baby, Sheon Yuan, Sarah Y. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis |
title | The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis |
title_full | The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis |
title_fullStr | The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis |
title_full_unstemmed | The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis |
title_short | The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis |
title_sort | endothelial glycocalyx as a double-edged sword in microvascular homeostasis and pathogenesis |
topic | Cell and Developmental Biology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8316827/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34336864 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.711003 |
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