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Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative aging disorders characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms due to the selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The decreased viability of DA neurons slowly results in the appearance of motor symptoms such as rigi...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8320775/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34336822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.655819 |
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author | Yao, Longping Wu, Jiayu Koc, Sumeyye Lu, Guohui |
author_facet | Yao, Longping Wu, Jiayu Koc, Sumeyye Lu, Guohui |
author_sort | Yao, Longping |
collection | PubMed |
description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative aging disorders characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms due to the selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The decreased viability of DA neurons slowly results in the appearance of motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and postural instability. These symptoms largely depend on DA nigrostriatal denervation. Pharmacological and surgical interventions are the main treatment for improving clinical symptoms, but it has not been possible to cure PD. Furthermore, the cause of neurodegeneration remains unclear. One of the possible neurodegeneration mechanisms is a chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, which is mediated by microglial cells. Impaired or dead DA neurons can directly lead to microglia activation, producing a large number of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytotoxic factors contribute to the apoptosis and death of DA neurons, and the pathological process of neuroinflammation aggravates the primary morbid process and exacerbates ongoing neurodegeneration. Therefore, anti-inflammatory treatment exerts a robust neuroprotective effect in a mouse model of PD. Since discovering the first mutation in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA), which can cause disease-causing, PD has involved many genes and loci such as LRRK2, Parkin, SNCA, and PINK1. In this article, we summarize the critical descriptions of the genetic factors involved in PD’s occurrence and development (such as LRRK2, SNCA, Parkin, PINK1, and inflammasome), and these factors play a crucial role in neuroinflammation. Regulation of these signaling pathways and molecular factors related to these genetic factors can vastly improve the neuroinflammation of PD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8320775 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83207752021-07-30 Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements Yao, Longping Wu, Jiayu Koc, Sumeyye Lu, Guohui Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative aging disorders characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms due to the selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The decreased viability of DA neurons slowly results in the appearance of motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and postural instability. These symptoms largely depend on DA nigrostriatal denervation. Pharmacological and surgical interventions are the main treatment for improving clinical symptoms, but it has not been possible to cure PD. Furthermore, the cause of neurodegeneration remains unclear. One of the possible neurodegeneration mechanisms is a chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, which is mediated by microglial cells. Impaired or dead DA neurons can directly lead to microglia activation, producing a large number of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytotoxic factors contribute to the apoptosis and death of DA neurons, and the pathological process of neuroinflammation aggravates the primary morbid process and exacerbates ongoing neurodegeneration. Therefore, anti-inflammatory treatment exerts a robust neuroprotective effect in a mouse model of PD. Since discovering the first mutation in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA), which can cause disease-causing, PD has involved many genes and loci such as LRRK2, Parkin, SNCA, and PINK1. In this article, we summarize the critical descriptions of the genetic factors involved in PD’s occurrence and development (such as LRRK2, SNCA, Parkin, PINK1, and inflammasome), and these factors play a crucial role in neuroinflammation. Regulation of these signaling pathways and molecular factors related to these genetic factors can vastly improve the neuroinflammation of PD. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-07-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8320775/ /pubmed/34336822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.655819 Text en Copyright © 2021 Yao, Wu, Koc and Lu. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cell and Developmental Biology Yao, Longping Wu, Jiayu Koc, Sumeyye Lu, Guohui Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements |
title | Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements |
title_full | Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements |
title_fullStr | Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements |
title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements |
title_short | Genetic Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancements |
title_sort | genetic imaging of neuroinflammation in parkinson’s disease: recent advancements |
topic | Cell and Developmental Biology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8320775/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34336822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.655819 |
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