An Efficient and Lightweight Illumination Model for Planetary Bodies Including Direct and Diffuse Radiation

We present a numerical illumination model to calculate direct as well as diffuse or Hapke scattered radiation scenarios on arbitrary planetary surfaces. This includes small body surfaces such as main belt asteroids as well as e.g., the lunar surface. The model is based on the ray tracing method. This method is not restricted to spherical or ellipsoidal shapes but digital terrain data of arbitrary spatial resolution can be fed into the model. Solar radiation is the source of direct radiation, wavelength-dependent effects (e.g. albedo) can be accounted for. Mutual illumination of individual bodies in implemented (e.g. in binary or multiple systems) as well as self-illumination (e.g. crater floors by crater walls) by diffuse or Hapke radiation. The model is validated by statistical methods. A [Formula: see text] test is utilized to compare simulated images with DAWN images acquired during the survey phase at small body 4 Vesta and to successfully prove its validity.