S100β protein levels as a parameter to assess the clinical development of adult patients with mild traumatic brain injury in Dr. Moewardi Public Hospital, Surakarta

BACKGROUND: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a health problem with an increasing incidence in many developed countries. The standard for examining mTBI is a CT scan, but it is costly, is not always available in all hospitals, and carries a risk of radiation. Meanwhile, S100β is a protein component produced by central nervous system cells. This study aims to determine the presence of changes in S100β protein in adult patients with mTBI during treatment as an alternative to examination. METHODS: This research is an analytic observational quantitative study with a cross-sectional study approach to investigate changes in S100β protein levels in blood serum using the ELISA method of mTBI patients in the first 3 h posttrauma (pretest) and treatment on day 1 (27 h posttrauma/posttest). The research sample consisted of 22 people. This research was conducted in the Surgery Section, Sub-Division of Neurosurgery, Dr. Moewardi Public Hospital, during September–December 2019. The data were then analyzed using a discrimination test (comparing t-test means) and a nonparametric test (Wilcoxon). RESULTS: There was a significant difference in mean S100β change between the pretest and posttest treatments. The S100β examination results at posttest decreased to 0.0223 + 0.0029 μg/l or decreased S100β by 21.7% after treatment. Previously, it was known that the mean of S100β at pretest was 0.0285 + 0.0137 μg/l. CONCLUSION: There was a significant change in S100β protein levels at each examination time. Changes in S100β levels that occurred were in the form of decreased levels from 3 h to 27 h posttrauma. Thus, S100β protein can be used as a parameter to assess the clinical development of adult patients with mTBI. Moreover, none of the patients with an S100β value >0.1 μg/l was found to be the cutoff value set by SNC in adult patients with mTBI for head CT scan.