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Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation
Evidence shows that skilled readers extract information about upcoming words in the parafovea. Using the boundary paradigm, we investigated native Arabic readers’ processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information available parafoveally. Target words were embedded in frame sentences...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8328344/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34339439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254745 |
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author | Hermena, Ehab W. Juma, Eida J. AlJassmi, Maryam |
author_facet | Hermena, Ehab W. Juma, Eida J. AlJassmi, Maryam |
author_sort | Hermena, Ehab W. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Evidence shows that skilled readers extract information about upcoming words in the parafovea. Using the boundary paradigm, we investigated native Arabic readers’ processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information available parafoveally. Target words were embedded in frame sentences, and prior to readers fixating them, one of the following previews were made available: (a) Identity preview; (b) Preview that shared the pattern morpheme with the target; (c) Preview that shared the root morpheme with the target; (d) Preview that was a synonym with the target word; (e) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a new root, while preserving all letter identities of the target; (f) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a pronounceable pseudo root, while also preserving all letter identities of the target; and (g) Previews that was unrelated to the target word and shared no information with it. The results showed that identity, root-preserving, and synonymous preview conditions yielded preview benefit. On the other hand, no benefit was obtained from the pattern-preserving previews, and significant disruption to processing was obtained from the previews that contained transposed root letters, particularly when this letter transposition created a new real root. The results thus reflect Arabic readers’ dependance on morphological and semantic information, and suggest that these levels of representation are accessed as early as orthographic information. Implications for theory- and model-building, and the need to accommodate early morphological and semantic processing activities in more comprehensive models are further discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8328344 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83283442021-08-03 Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation Hermena, Ehab W. Juma, Eida J. AlJassmi, Maryam PLoS One Research Article Evidence shows that skilled readers extract information about upcoming words in the parafovea. Using the boundary paradigm, we investigated native Arabic readers’ processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information available parafoveally. Target words were embedded in frame sentences, and prior to readers fixating them, one of the following previews were made available: (a) Identity preview; (b) Preview that shared the pattern morpheme with the target; (c) Preview that shared the root morpheme with the target; (d) Preview that was a synonym with the target word; (e) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a new root, while preserving all letter identities of the target; (f) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a pronounceable pseudo root, while also preserving all letter identities of the target; and (g) Previews that was unrelated to the target word and shared no information with it. The results showed that identity, root-preserving, and synonymous preview conditions yielded preview benefit. On the other hand, no benefit was obtained from the pattern-preserving previews, and significant disruption to processing was obtained from the previews that contained transposed root letters, particularly when this letter transposition created a new real root. The results thus reflect Arabic readers’ dependance on morphological and semantic information, and suggest that these levels of representation are accessed as early as orthographic information. Implications for theory- and model-building, and the need to accommodate early morphological and semantic processing activities in more comprehensive models are further discussed. Public Library of Science 2021-08-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8328344/ /pubmed/34339439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254745 Text en © 2021 Hermena et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Hermena, Ehab W. Juma, Eida J. AlJassmi, Maryam Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation |
title | Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation |
title_full | Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation |
title_fullStr | Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation |
title_full_unstemmed | Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation |
title_short | Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation |
title_sort | parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading arabic: a boundary paradigm investigation |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8328344/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34339439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254745 |
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