Rational design of photocatalysts for ammonia production from water and nitrogen gas

Photocatalytic N(2) reduction has emerged as one of the most attractive routes to produce NH(3) as a useful commodity for chemicals used in industries and as a carbon-free energy source. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding, exploring, and designing efficient photocatalyst. In this review, we outline the important mechanistic and experimental procedures for photocatalytic NH(3) production. In addition, we review effective strategies on development of photocatalysts. Finally, our analyses on the characteristics and modifications of photocatalysts have been summarized, based on which we discuss the possible future research directions, particularly on preparing more efficient catalysts. Overall, this review provides insights on improving photocatalytic NH(3) production and designing solar-driven chemical conversions.