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Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation

Cadmium (Cd), a biologically non-essential heavy metal, is widespread in the environment, including the air, water, and soil, and is widely present in foods and quantum dot preparations. Cd enters the body primarily through inhalation and ingestion. Its biological half-life in humans is 10–35 years;...

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Autores principales: Wang, Zhineng, Sun, Ying, Yao, Wenbo, Ba, Qian, Wang, Hui
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8330548/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34354707
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484
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author Wang, Zhineng
Sun, Ying
Yao, Wenbo
Ba, Qian
Wang, Hui
author_facet Wang, Zhineng
Sun, Ying
Yao, Wenbo
Ba, Qian
Wang, Hui
author_sort Wang, Zhineng
collection PubMed
description Cadmium (Cd), a biologically non-essential heavy metal, is widespread in the environment, including the air, water, and soil, and is widely present in foods and quantum dot preparations. Cd enters the body primarily through inhalation and ingestion. Its biological half-life in humans is 10–35 years; therefore, Cd poses long-term health risks. While most studies on Cd toxicity have focused on organ and tissue damage, the immunotoxicity of Cd has drawn increasing attention recently. Cd accumulates in immune cells, modulates the function of the immune system, triggers immunological responses, and leads to diverse health problems. Cd acts as an immunotoxic agent by regulating the activity and apoptosis of immune cells, altering the secretion of immune cytokines, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress, changing the frequency of T lymphocyte subsets, and altering the production of selective antibodies in immune cells. This review summarizes the immunological toxicity of Cd, elucidates the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in terms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and discusses potential strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of Cd on the immune system.
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spelling pubmed-83305482021-08-04 Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation Wang, Zhineng Sun, Ying Yao, Wenbo Ba, Qian Wang, Hui Front Immunol Immunology Cadmium (Cd), a biologically non-essential heavy metal, is widespread in the environment, including the air, water, and soil, and is widely present in foods and quantum dot preparations. Cd enters the body primarily through inhalation and ingestion. Its biological half-life in humans is 10–35 years; therefore, Cd poses long-term health risks. While most studies on Cd toxicity have focused on organ and tissue damage, the immunotoxicity of Cd has drawn increasing attention recently. Cd accumulates in immune cells, modulates the function of the immune system, triggers immunological responses, and leads to diverse health problems. Cd acts as an immunotoxic agent by regulating the activity and apoptosis of immune cells, altering the secretion of immune cytokines, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress, changing the frequency of T lymphocyte subsets, and altering the production of selective antibodies in immune cells. This review summarizes the immunological toxicity of Cd, elucidates the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in terms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and discusses potential strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of Cd on the immune system. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-07-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8330548/ /pubmed/34354707 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484 Text en Copyright © 2021 Wang, Sun, Yao, Ba and Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Wang, Zhineng
Sun, Ying
Yao, Wenbo
Ba, Qian
Wang, Hui
Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation
title Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation
title_full Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation
title_fullStr Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation
title_short Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation
title_sort effects of cadmium exposure on the immune system and immunoregulation
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8330548/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34354707
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484
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