Association of Acute Interstitial Nephritis with Nivolumab in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report

Recently, a number of innovative anticancer agents such us the programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed. Nevertheless, this type of immunotherapy may be associated with immune-related adverse events whose pathophysiology is considered similar to those found in autoimmune diseases such as nephritis. We report the case of a 71-year-old female with metastatic renal carcinoma who underwent nephrectomy. After three lines of other chemotherapies (VEGF and mTOR inhibitors), the patient was treated by nivolumab (3 mg/kg) for 4 months and developed acute kidney injury 16 weeks after initiating this immunotherapy. Kidney biopsy displayed a diffuse extensive interstitial inflammation associated with moderate interstitial edema. The discontinuation of nivolumab and the administration of prednisone (at 1 mg/kg and tapered over 3 months) was an effective treatment of the interstitial edema and led to the recovery of the kidney function.