Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems for a Refinery in Kuwait

[Image: see text] In this study, a model is developed to optimally integrate various energy generation technologies within a refinery to help reduce economic costs as well as mitigate carbon emissions. The combined heat and power system was found to reduce 80 Mton of CO(2) emissions while saving $2.61 billion dollars over 30 years as opposed to utilizing boilers and grid-connected electricity. Maximum carbon emissions can be prevented by installing wind turbines to reduce further 49 Mton of carbon emissions, saving at an added cost of $53.4 million. Purchasing electricity completely from the grid was found to be the most expensive option, resulting in a monthly average of $25 million. Changes in various factors such as the land available for installation of technology, electricity tariffs, and efficiency of modules and their impacts on the total project costs and emissions were studied. It was found that solar photovoltaic (PV) modules can be a more economical and environmentally friendly option than wind technology if they were equally efficient. Moreover, grid-connected electricity would only be the most economical option if it were purchased at $0.03/kWh or lower. However, it is currently sold at close to $0.10/kWh, making CHP the most economic option for refineries.