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Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands
Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large popul...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8345559/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360070 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157782 |
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author | van Wel, Luuk van Dommelen, Paula Zuurbier, Moniek Heinen, Debbie Odink, Jennie Bezem, Janine Verkerk, Paul H. Pronk, Anjoeka Hoek, Gerard Kuijpers, Eelco |
author_facet | van Wel, Luuk van Dommelen, Paula Zuurbier, Moniek Heinen, Debbie Odink, Jennie Bezem, Janine Verkerk, Paul H. Pronk, Anjoeka Hoek, Gerard Kuijpers, Eelco |
author_sort | van Wel, Luuk |
collection | PubMed |
description | Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large population of 0–4-year old children in The Netherlands and environmental exposures were explored. Developmental milestones and background characteristics were provided by Preventive Child Health Care (PCHC) and supplemented with data from Statistics Netherlands. Milestones were summarized and standardized into an aggregate score measuring global development. Four age groups were selected. Environmental exposures were assigned to geocoded addresses using publicly available maps for PM(2.5), PM(10), PM(coarse), NO(2), EC, road traffic noise, and green space. Associations were investigated using single and multiple-exposure logistic regression models. 43,916 PCHC visits by 29,524 children were available. No consistent associations were found for air pollution and road traffic noise. Green space was positively associated in single and multiple-exposure models although it was not significant in all age groups (OR 1.01 (0.95; 1.08) (1 year) to 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) (2 years)). No consistent associations were found between air pollution, road traffic noise, and global child development. A positive association of green space was indicated. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8345559 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83455592021-08-07 Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands van Wel, Luuk van Dommelen, Paula Zuurbier, Moniek Heinen, Debbie Odink, Jennie Bezem, Janine Verkerk, Paul H. Pronk, Anjoeka Hoek, Gerard Kuijpers, Eelco Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large population of 0–4-year old children in The Netherlands and environmental exposures were explored. Developmental milestones and background characteristics were provided by Preventive Child Health Care (PCHC) and supplemented with data from Statistics Netherlands. Milestones were summarized and standardized into an aggregate score measuring global development. Four age groups were selected. Environmental exposures were assigned to geocoded addresses using publicly available maps for PM(2.5), PM(10), PM(coarse), NO(2), EC, road traffic noise, and green space. Associations were investigated using single and multiple-exposure logistic regression models. 43,916 PCHC visits by 29,524 children were available. No consistent associations were found for air pollution and road traffic noise. Green space was positively associated in single and multiple-exposure models although it was not significant in all age groups (OR 1.01 (0.95; 1.08) (1 year) to 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) (2 years)). No consistent associations were found between air pollution, road traffic noise, and global child development. A positive association of green space was indicated. MDPI 2021-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8345559/ /pubmed/34360070 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157782 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article van Wel, Luuk van Dommelen, Paula Zuurbier, Moniek Heinen, Debbie Odink, Jennie Bezem, Janine Verkerk, Paul H. Pronk, Anjoeka Hoek, Gerard Kuijpers, Eelco Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title | Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_full | Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_fullStr | Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_short | Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_sort | exploring the effects of environmental factors on the development of 0–4-year old children in the netherlands |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8345559/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360070 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157782 |
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