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Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media
Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may oc...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346131/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360632 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157868 |
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author | Jung, Su Young Kim, Dokyoung Park, Dong Choon Kim, Sung Soo Oh, Tong In Kang, Dae Woong Kim, Sang Hoon Yeo, Seung Geun |
author_facet | Jung, Su Young Kim, Dokyoung Park, Dong Choon Kim, Sung Soo Oh, Tong In Kang, Dae Woong Kim, Sang Hoon Yeo, Seung Geun |
author_sort | Jung, Su Young |
collection | PubMed |
description | Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8346131 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83461312021-08-07 Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media Jung, Su Young Kim, Dokyoung Park, Dong Choon Kim, Sung Soo Oh, Tong In Kang, Dae Woong Kim, Sang Hoon Yeo, Seung Geun Int J Mol Sci Review Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology. MDPI 2021-07-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8346131/ /pubmed/34360632 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157868 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Jung, Su Young Kim, Dokyoung Park, Dong Choon Kim, Sung Soo Oh, Tong In Kang, Dae Woong Kim, Sang Hoon Yeo, Seung Geun Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media |
title | Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media |
title_full | Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media |
title_fullStr | Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media |
title_full_unstemmed | Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media |
title_short | Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media |
title_sort | toll-like receptors: expression and roles in otitis media |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346131/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360632 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157868 |
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