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Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a s...

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Autores principales: Pratomo, Irandi Putra, Noor, Dimas R., Kusmardi, Kusmardi, Rukmana, Andriansjah, Paramita, Rafika I., Erlina, Linda, Fadilah, Fadilah, Gayatri, Anggi, Fitriani, Magna, Purnomo, Tommy T. H., Ariane, Anna, Heryanto, Rudi, Tedjo, Aryo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346299/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367545
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1653392
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author Pratomo, Irandi Putra
Noor, Dimas R.
Kusmardi, Kusmardi
Rukmana, Andriansjah
Paramita, Rafika I.
Erlina, Linda
Fadilah, Fadilah
Gayatri, Anggi
Fitriani, Magna
Purnomo, Tommy T. H.
Ariane, Anna
Heryanto, Rudi
Tedjo, Aryo
author_facet Pratomo, Irandi Putra
Noor, Dimas R.
Kusmardi, Kusmardi
Rukmana, Andriansjah
Paramita, Rafika I.
Erlina, Linda
Fadilah, Fadilah
Gayatri, Anggi
Fitriani, Magna
Purnomo, Tommy T. H.
Ariane, Anna
Heryanto, Rudi
Tedjo, Aryo
author_sort Pratomo, Irandi Putra
collection PubMed
description Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-κB within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses. These conditions will ultimately sum up a hyperinflammation condition commonly dubbed as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemokines may be reduced by XO inhibitor, as observed in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-infected A549 cells. Our review emphasizes that XO may have an essential role as an anti-inflammation therapy for respiratory viral infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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spelling pubmed-83462992021-08-07 Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19 Pratomo, Irandi Putra Noor, Dimas R. Kusmardi, Kusmardi Rukmana, Andriansjah Paramita, Rafika I. Erlina, Linda Fadilah, Fadilah Gayatri, Anggi Fitriani, Magna Purnomo, Tommy T. H. Ariane, Anna Heryanto, Rudi Tedjo, Aryo Int J Inflam Review Article Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-κB within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses. These conditions will ultimately sum up a hyperinflammation condition commonly dubbed as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemokines may be reduced by XO inhibitor, as observed in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-infected A549 cells. Our review emphasizes that XO may have an essential role as an anti-inflammation therapy for respiratory viral infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hindawi 2021-08-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8346299/ /pubmed/34367545 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1653392 Text en Copyright © 2021 Irandi Putra Pratomo et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Pratomo, Irandi Putra
Noor, Dimas R.
Kusmardi, Kusmardi
Rukmana, Andriansjah
Paramita, Rafika I.
Erlina, Linda
Fadilah, Fadilah
Gayatri, Anggi
Fitriani, Magna
Purnomo, Tommy T. H.
Ariane, Anna
Heryanto, Rudi
Tedjo, Aryo
Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
title Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
title_full Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
title_fullStr Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
title_full_unstemmed Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
title_short Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
title_sort xanthine oxidase-induced inflammatory responses in respiratory epithelial cells: a review in immunopathology of covid-19
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346299/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367545
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1653392
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